الفهرس 
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Abstract
As an opportunistic pathogen, K. pneumoniae primarily attacks immunocompromised individuals who are hospitalized and suffer from severe underlying diseases. It is a common cause of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septicemia and skin and soft tissue infections.
Microbial resistance through extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) was first reported in the early 1980s in Europe and subsequently in the United States soon after the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins in clinical practice. Today, this resistance mechanism has emerged globally, and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are recognized worldwide as nosocomial pathogens of major importance.
The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends a number of phenotypic confirmatory disc tests for ESBL production. They mostly consist of measuring the zone diameters of a third-generation cephalosporin disc with or without clavulanic acid to determine whether enzymatic hydrolysis of the cephalosporin tested is inhibited in the presence of clavulanic acid .Once an ESBL producing strain is detected ,it should be reported as “resistant” to all pencillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam, even if they are susceptible.
As an opportunistic pathogen, K. pneumoniae primarily attacks immunocompromised individuals who are hospitalized and suffer from severe underlying diseases. It is a common cause of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septicemia and skin and soft tissue infections.
Microbial resistance through extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) was first reported in the early 1980s in Europe and subsequently in the United States soon after the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins in clinical practice. Today, this resistance mechanism has emerged globally, and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are recognized worldwide as nosocomial pathogens of major importance.
The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommends a number of phenotypic confirmatory disc tests for ESBL production. They mostly consist of measuring the zone diameters of a third-generation cephalosporin disc with or without clavulanic acid to determine whether enzymatic hydrolysis of the cephalosporin tested is inhibited in the presence of clavulanic acid .Once an ESBL producing strain is detected ,it should be reported as “resistant” to all pencillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam, even if they are susceptible.