الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is associated with increased mortality and significant long-term cardiorespiratory and neurodevelopmental sequelae. Treatment of evolving BPD in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is challenging due to the complex interplay of contributing risk factors which include preterm birth, supplemental oxygen, positive pressure ventilation, patent ductus arterious, and pre- and postnatal infection. Management of evolving BPD requires a multimodal approach including adequate nutrition, careful fluid management, effective and safe pharmacotherapy, and respiratory support aiming at minimal lung injury.
The present study was done to identify risk factors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This study is a retrospective analysis included 100 preterm neonates admitted to NICU of Kasr El Aini and Children hospitals, Cairo University over a period of two years started from January 2007 to December 2009. Out of 462 preterm neonates who were admitted during the study period, 50 neonates (10.8%) developed BPD and another 50 premature newborn that didn’t develop BPD, considered as a control group with exclusion of;
1) Full term neonates
2) Preterm neonates with gross life-threatening congenital anomalies.
3) Neonates with perinatal asphyxia or meconium aspiration pneumonia.
Fifty neonates developed BPD (46% females and 54%male) and 50 did not (38%female and162%male) develop BPD and were considered as controls.
Thirty-six out of 50 of BPD patients and 28 out of 50 controls were delivered by cesarean section.
The gestational age of the studied patients ranged from 27 to 35 weeks while in controls ranged from 27 to 36 weeks.
Birth weight on admission of patients of a mean (± SD) of (1.51 ± 0.47kg) while in controls of a mean (± SD) 1.55 ± 0.35 kg. All the studied patients were mechanically ventilated.
Age on admission among the studied patients ranged from 1 to 4 days, with a mean (± SD) of 1.3 (± 0.74) days.
Age at diagnosis of BPD ranged from 17 to 43 days with a mean (± SD) of 24.84 (± 6.1) days.
The following results were found:
• A highly statistically significant difference was found between patients and controls regarding the total duration of hospital stay p<0.001.
• There was a statistically highly significant difference between patients and controls regarding duration of total duration of oxygen therapy, and duration on mechanical ventilation (p value<0.001)
• There was a statistically highly significant difference between patients and controls regarding duration of SIMV as well as duration on CPAP ( p value<0.001).
• There was a statistically highly significant difference between patients and controls regarding the fraction of inspired oxygen percent (FIO2) and inspiratory time (TI) (p < 0.001, p<0.004 respectively).
• There was a statistically highly significant between patients and controls regarding PEEP and PIP with p value= 0.024 and p<0.001, respectively.
• A statistically highly significant difference was between patients and controls regarding the presence of PDA (p<0.001).
• Complications of hospitalization were significantly higher among patients than controls as Hospital-acquired pneumonia and pneumothorax with p<0.001, p=0.001 respectively.
• There was statistically highly significant difference between the outcome of patients and controls. Mortality was higher among the patients than the control subjects, p<0.001.