الفهرس 
Introduction & aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) analysis have been demonstrated to be the most frequently ordered test in the intensive care unit ( I.C.U ) and have become so essential in the management of critically ill patients that recent critical care guidelines recommend 24-hour ABG availability.
ABGs analysis became available approximately 50 years ago when techniques developed by Clark stow and coworkers, and Severinghaus and Bradley permitted the measurement of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) .
ABGs are the gold standard for the assessment of oxygenation and are particularly valuable in the setting of low flow states or abnormal hemoglobin when arterial oxygen saturation (SpaO2) does not correlate with PaO2.
Acid base balance is vitally important to the health of an organism, It means maintenance of homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids, even a slight deviation from normal causes pronounced change in the rate of cellular chemical reaction; this in turn threatens survival.
Disorders of acid base balance can be found in as many as nine of every ten patients in the I.C.U ,which means that acid base disorders may be the most common clinical problems encountered in the I.C.U