الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the polymorphism of IL-1Ra (VNTR) and IL-4 (VNTR) genes expression in healthy individuals from Egypt in comparison with other populations. Whole blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers (n= 124) for DNA extraction and amplification.
For IL-Ra and IL-4 genes, the most frequent genotypes observed were A1/A1, A1/A2 and A2/A2 in our Egyptian population and other populations but other genotypes like A1/A3, A2/A3 and A1/A4 were less common. The IL-1Ra (VNTR) gene polymorphism was associated with different immuno-inflammatory diseases as periodontitis and leprosy disease in Egyptian and diabetes mellitus type 2 disease in North Indian population where genotype A1/A1 and allele A1 were risk factors for these diseases and early gastric cancer in German, where allele A2 and genotype A1/A2 were risk factors for this disease.
The IL-4 (VNTR) gene polymorphism was associated with many diseases as Cerebral Infarction disease in Koreans population, where allele A3 and genotype A2/A3 were risk factors for this disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 disease in the North Indian population, where allele A1 and genotype A1/A1 were risk factors for this disease.
In conclusion, The highly polymorphic content of IL-1Ra (VNTR) and IL-4 (VNTR) genes constitute useful tools in population genetic studies in understanding population and ethnic variations. In the long run, association of these genes with several chronic inflammatory diseases may help in determining disease susceptibility and clinical management of patients