الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chondral and osteochondral injuries are common and typically affect young atheletic population .International cartilage repair society (ICRS) divide chondral lesion according to depth of the lesion into 4 grades. Grade 3,4 are the most common types.If the articular cartilage loses the ability to adapt to repetitive stresses ,loss of atheletic performance may be followed by the of chonDROPenia and ultimately osteoarthritis Chondral lesion may occur alone or in association with meniscal injuries or ligamentous injuries.Meniscal injuries ,ligamentous injuries and varus ,valgus alignment are critical components of functional unit of articular cartilage, they also increase the load on the chondral surface and may worsen the existing defects and prevent successful repair of restoration .In the diagnosis of chondral lesion plain radiographs should be used to rule out fractures , evaluate for degenerative changes and assess alignment . MRI has an important role in the diagnosis of chondral lesion because it is needed to diagnose any associated injury as meniscal injury and ligamentous injury . There is no chance for articular cartilage to regenerate normal hyaline cartilage because it is avascular, alymphatic , aneural and because of high matrix to cell ratio . Violation of the subchondral bone will lead to healing by fibrocartilage which is biologically and biomechanically inferior to hyaline cartilage . Management of chondral lesion include nonsurgical treatment and surgical treatment Non surgical treatment reserved for low demand patients, patients want to delay or avoid surgery and patients with advanced degenerative osteoarthritis considered inappropriate for articular cartilage restoration procedure .Treatment options include NSAIDs ,corticosteroid injection, oral or injectable chonDROProtective agents ,activity modifications Surgical treatment include palliative treatment , reparative treatment , restorative treatment , and treatment of associated meniscal or ligamentous injuries .Palliative treatment (debridement , lavage ) perform its effect by eliminating derbis and inflammatory mediators . Reparative treatment include microfracture ,abrasion arthroplasty ,they cause healingof articular cartilage by fibrocartilage . Restorative treatment include autologous osteochondral graft and autologous chondrocyte implantation ,they cause healing by hyaline cartilage .In this study chondral lesions in 30 knees were analyzed in relation to age, trauma, symptomatology, location, size and associated injuries. The lesions were carefully described based on the arthroscopic appearance according to ICRS in to four grades. Of the 30 patients 25 were men and 5 were women . their age range was from 17 to 50 years. There was history of trauma in 70 % of patients and no definite history of trauma in 30 % of patients. The symptomatology was non specific pain ,locking and givingway. Chondral lesion affects medial femoral condyle in 27 patients and lateral femoral condyle in 3 patients The most common associated injury was meniscal injury in 77% of patients .Treatment of chondral lesion and associated injury was done for all patients.