الفهرس 
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Abstract
Robotic surgery is a surgical procedure or technology that adds a computer technology–enhanced device to the interaction between a surgeon and a patient during a surgical operation and assumes some degree of control heretofore completely reserved for the surgeon.
The surgeon sits at a console, typically in the operating room but outside the sterile field, directing and controlling the movements of one or more robotic arms. Although the surgeon still maintains control over the operation, the control is indirect and effected from an increased distance. However, a surgical robot is not like the common robots which have the ability of autonomous action.
Robotic-assisted surgery in children is safe, feasible, and applicable to a wide range of procedures.
The key features of robotic systems that enhance minimally invasive surgery enable intracorporeal suturing and knot-tying with precision and ease, as well as meticulous, delicate dissection even in the smallest of spaces, including many previously inaccessible to standard laparoscopy.
This remarkable capability for telepresence surgery has been demonstrated by the performance of transatlantic, telerobotic renal cyst ablation and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
The use of 2 robotic surgical systems has been reported in the pediatric surgical literature, They are the Zeus robotic surgical system and the Da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical).
Neither the Da Vinci nor the Zeus system operates without the immediate control of a surgeon. These systems are more accurately termed “computer enhanced telemanipulators.
The most widely used surgical robot, the Da Vinci surgical robot , was introduced in 1998 and received FDA approval in 2000.
The Da Vinci system’s popularity is multifactorial. This is a robotic system which allows the surgeon full control of the operative field mimicking conventional laparoscopy. It has the advantage of “intuition” where the instruments move in the same direction as the surgeon’s hand. Its popularity may largely be attributed to the development of EndoWrist instruments with increased degrees of freedom and improved stereoscopic vision
The three components of the system are the console, surgical manipulator, and vision cart . Master grips on the console provide control of robotic arms using thumb and forefinger motions.
Pediatric surgical procedures currently being performed with robotic assistance include Nissen fundoplication, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, repair of diaphragmatic hernia, splenectomy, and some neurologic procedures. It seems unlikely that robotic surgery will replace current techniques for the management of some of the simpler, common pediatric surgical conditions, such as appendicitis or hernias.
The 3-dimensional visualization, articulating instruments, and motion scaling were the primary advantages of the robotic system, On the other hand, the primary disadvantages of the robotic interface included the cost, training requirement, loss of tactile sensation, and additional operating-room time required for system setup and docking.
In short, the surgeon should anticipate complications in order to prevent, recognize, and manage complications effectively, and thus minimize the untoward consequences.
Current robotic technology is still developing and various concepts are being researched. Nanotechnology is emerging and expected to play an important role in diagnostics and minimally invasive treatment.
Telepresence surgery can be described as a teleoperation system, where the surgeon directly controls the motion of instruments, but along with sensory input (such as 3-D vision, stereophonic sound, tactile and force feedback) so that an illusion is created of actually being present at a remote site.
Future supervisory-controlled robotic enabling technology will provide accessibility via minimally invasive procedures, to locations far beyond human hand reach.