الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out at the Poultry Research Unit, Faculty of Agriculture (Damanhour), Alexandria University, from June 2007 to December 2007. The aim of this work was to study the effect of different source and levels of copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) on productive and reproductive performance, physiological and histological traits of Gimmizah hens as well as produce functional foods.
Experimental 1:-
It was conducted to study the effect of supplementation Gimmizah layer diet with different dietary levels of inorganic and organic Cu at 10, 70 and 130 ppm.
A total number of one hundred and twenty (100♀+20♂), 30-wks old Gimmizah laying hens were weighed individually, then randomly assigned and housed in individual wire laying cages until the end of the experiment (50 wks of age). Birds were allotted into five treatment groups of twenty pullets and four cocks each. The 1st treatment was used as control and fed the control diet containing 10 mg Cu/kg diets. The 2nd and 3rd treatment groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 60 and 120 mg Cu/kg diet from inorganic sources as copper sulfate pentahydrate ”CuSO4.5H2O”, respectively. The 4th and 5th treatment groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 60 and 120 mg Cu/kg diet from organic sources as Cu-lysine, respectively. Thus, the levels of Cu were 10, 70 and 130 ppm feed and water were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period (30-50 wks of age), meanwhile birds were illuminated with (15-9 hr) light – dark cycle during the experimental period 30-50 wks of age. The composition of the layer basal experimental diet contains 17.5% crude protein by analysis and 2750 Kcal ME/Kg diet nearly.
Experimental 2:-
It was conducted to study the effect of supplementation Gimmizah layer diet with different dietary levels of inorganic and organic Se at 0.10, 0.25 and 0.40 ppm.
A total number of one hundred and twenty (100♀+20♂), 30-wks old Gimmizah were weighed individually, then randomly assigned and housed in individual wire laying cages until the end of the experiment (50 wks of age). Birds were allotted into five treatment groups of twenty pullets and four cocks each. The 1st treatment was used as control and fed the control diet containing 0.10 mg Se/kg diets. The 2nd and 3rd treatment groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 0.15, 0.30 mg Se/kg diet from inorganic sources as sodium selenite ”Na2 SeO3”, respectively. The 4th and 5th treatment groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 0.15, 0.30 mg Se/kg diet from organic sources as selenomethionine (Selplex®), respectively. Thus, the levels of Se were 0.10, 0.25 and 0.40 ppm feed and water were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period (30-50 wks of age), meanwhile birds were illuminated with (15-9 hr) light – dark cycle during the experimental period 30-50 wks of age. The composition of the layer basal experimental diet contains 17.5% crude protein by analysis and 2750 Kcal ME/Kg diet nearly.
The results of the two experiments could be summarized as following:-
1- Level of copper and selenium, in layer diets at 10, 70 and 130ppm of Cu and 0.10, 0.25 and 040 ppm of Se, in organic and inorganic form and interaction between level and source indicated insignificant effects on egg production percentages.
2- A level of 70 ppm of inorganic Cu and 130 ppm of organic Cu significantly increased egg weight and egg mass compared with those fed the control diet.
3- Selenium levels at 0.25 and 0.40 ppm of Se, in organic and inorganic form significantly increased egg weight and egg mass compared with those fed the control diet.
4- Increasing Cu level in layer diets to 70 and 130 ppm and Se (0.25 and 0.40 ppm) decreased significantly the amount of feed intake.
5- Inorganic Cu at 70 ppm and the organic Cu at 130 ppm significantly improved FCR compared to those fed the control diet.
6- Selenium at different levels of 0.25 and 0.40 ppm, in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between levels and sources significantly improved FCR.
7- Copper and selenium at different levels of Cu 70 and 130ppm and Se 0.25 and 040 ppm in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source had insignificant effects on body weight changes.
8- Different levels of Cu at 70 and 130ppm in organic and inorganic from and the interaction between levels and sources did not significantly affect egg quality traits such as yolk%, yolk index, albumin%, HU, shell%, SWUSA, shell thickness and shape index.
9- Fertility percentage was insignificantly affected by increasing Cu level to 70 and 130 ppm in layer diets, while its significantly decreased by incorporation of organic Cu in layer diet compared with those fed the control diet or inorganic Cu.
10- Fertility percentage was insignificantly affected by increasing Se level to 0.25 and 0.40 ppm in layer diets or by the form of Se compared with those fed the control diet.
11- Including of copper in layer hen diets at 70 and 130ppm of Cu in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source had insignificant effect on hatchability percentage.
12- Including of selenium in layer hen diets at 0.25 and 0.40 ppm in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source did not significantly affect hatchability percentages.
13- Level copper and selenium at 70 and 130ppm of Cu and 0.25 and 0.40 ppm of Se in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source had insignificant effects on embryonic mortality.
14- Piped embryos percentage was significantly affected only by the interaction between Cu level and source. The highest piped embryos percentage were from hens fed diet containing 130 and 70 ppm of inorganic and organic Cu, respectively.
15- Including of selenium to layer hen diets at 0.25 and 0.40 ppm in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source significantly decreased piped embryos percentage.
16- Copper and selenium at 70 and 130ppm of Cu and 0.25 and 0.40 ppm of Se, in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source had insignificant effects on percentage of dressing, liver, pancreas, gizzard, intestinal weight, intestinal length, heart, abdominal fat, ovary and oviduct, however increasing Cu level in layer diets to 130 ppm significantly decreased intestinal length percentage, while including of selenium in hen diets at 0.25 and 0.40 ppm in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between levels and sources significantly decreased spleen percentages.
17- Plasma globulin concentration was significantly affected by copper or selenium sources. Plasma globulin concentration was significantly higher of layers fed 130 ppm of organic Cu. The corresponding values for Se treatment was from 0.40 ppm of inorganic Se.
18- Plasma Cu concentration was significantly higher of the layers fed 70 and130 ppm of organic Cu compared with those fed 70 and130 ppm of inorganic Cu and the control diet.
19- Plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased due to feeding organic Cu and inorganic Cu compared with the layer fed the control diet.
20- Selenium in layer hen diets at 0.25 and 0.40 ppm in organic and inorganic source and the interaction between level and source significantly decreased plasma cholesterol compared with those fed the control diet.
21- Copper in layer hen diets at 70 and 130ppm in organic and inorganic source and the interaction between Cu level and source significantly increased plasma HDL, LDL and the LDL/HDL ratio compared with those fed the control diet.
22- A level of 0.25 and 0.40 ppm organic Se and 0.25 ppm of inorganic Se significantly increased plasma HDL compared with those fed the control diet.
23- A level of 0.25 and 0.40 ppm organic Se significantly increased plasma LDL and the LDL/HDL ratio compared with those fed the control diet.
24- Different of Cu or Se in layer diets at 70 and 130ppm of Cu and 0.25 and 0.40 ppm of Se in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source significantly increased Ca and P percentage in tibia compared with those fed the control diet.
25- Copper level in layer diets at 70 and 130ppm in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source significantly decreased yolk cholesterol compared with those fed the control diet.
26- Selenium level at 0.25 and 0.40 ppm in organic and inorganic form and the interaction between level and source significantly increased yolk selenium concentration compared with those fed the control diet. The concentration of in eggs produced by hens supplemented with organic Se was higher than the inorganic form, also Se in yolk increased linearly with increasing Se level with each source.
27- from economical point of view, laying hens may be fed the basal diet supplemented with 130, 0.25 ppm of organic Cu and inorganic Se, respectively had the best economic efficiency and the relative economic efficiency.
28- The administration with the various levels of the different forms of copper and selenium led to nearly similar hepatic as well as splenic changes in treated chickens with organic form was less toxic than the inorganic form.
29- The hepatic changes in case of selenium were characterized by fatty vacuolations with some variable degrees that may be advanced and somewhat serious and may led to necrosis for the hepatic tissue in case administrations with the high levels.
30- The microscopic changes in the small intestine were variable from part to another and from the administered form to another. The duodenal mucosa appeared to be affected only in case of the high level of the inorganic form of selenium.
31- It was noticeable that the intestinal mucosa of the ileum was affected in both administrations with the high level of both Cu and Se.
In conclusion, the present study indicated that supplementation Gimmizah layer diet with different levels of Cu and Se (70 and 130ppm of Cu and 0.25 and 040 ppm of Se) in the organic and inorganic form improved the productive and the reproductive performance.
Also, different levels and sources (organic and inorganic) of selenium and copper in layer diets decreased plasma total cholesterol and yolk cholesterol in the case of Cu. Also, Cu and Se improved bone mineralization as percentage Ca and P in tibia increased compared with fed the control diet.
Supplementing laying hen diets with Se and Cu caused an enrichment eggs with these resulted in expected on improvement in the consumer health benefit. The results also indicated that 70 ppm of organic Cu and 0.25 ppm of organic Se was adequate to enrich eggs with less harmful effects on tissues which may be recommended for application.