الفهرس 
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Abstract
bladder cancer and its impact on expression of telomerase and retinoblastoma genes as well as to correlate the findings with clinicopathological parameters (histopathogical grade and staging). Materials and methods: 80 patients (10 female and 70 male). Group I: 10 (age range 17-80), with normal bladder urothelium with HCV –ve served as control group. Group II: 10 patients (age range 46-65) with normal bladder urothelium with HCV positive: Group III: 30 malignant patients (age range 44-75) (without HCV). Group IV: 30 malignant patients (age range 45-73) (with HCV). Results: tumors associated with HCV infection were TCC rather than SCC, high grade rather than low grade, invasive tumors rather than non-invasive tumors. Altered immunoreactivity for retinoblastoma (RB1) protein, were accounted for 36.67 % in bladder tumors not associated with HCV, and 83.33 % in bladder tumors associated with HCV. hTERT immunostaining positivity was 30% in normal urothelium associated with HCV, 43.33 % in bladder tumors not associated with HCV, and 86.67 % in bladder tumors associated with HCV hTERT expression by real time PCR was significantly increased in bladder tissues associated with HCV when compared to normal urothelium in non-HCV infected subjects. There is a significant positive correlation between HCV infection and hTERT expression in contrast to pRb which show significant negative correlation with HCV. Conclusion: HCV infection was associated with TCC of high grade. HCV may play a significant role in the development of bladder cancer through increasing the expression of hTERT and pRb genes.