الفهرس 
Chemistry of Petroleum FluidsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) is formed when naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) concentrates after industrial processes. Oil and gas production processing operations have been known to cause NORM to accumulate at elevated concentrations as by-product waste streams. Oil refining is the process in which crude oil is subjected to certain chemical and physical treatments to obtain refined finished products. A comprehensive radiological study on the oil refining industry in Egypt was carried out to assess the radiological impact of this industry on both workers and public. Scales, sludge, crude oil samples were collected at each stage of the refining process. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were determined using high resolution gamma spectrometry. Radium equivalent was calculated to obtain total amount of these activities. The average activity concentrations of the determined isotopes are lower than the IAEA Exempt activity levels for NORM isotopes. Different exposure scenarios were estimated. The average effective dose rate for workers due to direct exposure to gamma radiation and dust inhalation found to be 0.3 nSv/h and 1.6 Sv/h respectively with average annual effective dose 0.6 Sv and 3.2 mSv respectively. The results of the exposure calculations due to material dumping resulting from one unloading event does not exceed 1.87 µSv for all types of materials and for all exposure groups. Based on the ALARA principle, the results indicate that special care must be taken during cleaning operations in order to reduce the personnel’s exposure due to maintenance as well as to avoid contamination of the environment.
Petroleum cuts were used as solvents to recover the maximum oil content from dry and semi dry petroleum sludge. The effects of various parameters, namely shaking time, temperature and the solvent volume upon oil recovery were investigated. Within the range of the studied operating conditions herein, the maximum oil recovery obtained varied from 80% to 97% depending upon the solvent efficiency used for extraction. A detailed study of solvent extraction process based on oil recovery was carried out. This technology reuses the separated components and minimizing greatly the waste disposal problems created by land ban. The overall cost as well as time involved for recovery and the disposal of hydrocarbon residue have been decreased. Capillary gas chromatography was used to estimate the economic value of recovered oil. The results obtained are considered as a baseline data useful in setting national legalizations dealing with the radiation exposure levels for non-nuclear industries in Egypt.