الفهرس 
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Abstract
aging is defined as the change in body faculties, sensibelities and energies which renders the individual progressively more likely to die from accidental cause of random indcidence. compared to younger patients, major surgery in elderly patiens is associated with a markedly higher rate of intraoperative and postoperative morbidity and mortality. elderly patients appear at greater risk of anaesthesia and surgery because of two factors: 1- a basic decline in organ function independent of disease. 2- an increased prevalance of concomitant disease.