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Abstract through the increase of climatic temperature in hot arid regions, global warming effects, high fuel consumption due to the use of mechanical systems, and gas emissions and pollution in hospitals. Goals and Objectives The research aims to implement passive cooling and heating systems, minimize fuel consumption in hospitals, present a concept for utilizing a system, and present alternative solutions to achieve the adequate physiological thermal comfort. Methodology The research carried the problem by both the analytical methodology and descriptive methodology. The methodology derived to results in the form concepts and alternatives schemes that lead to recommendations and conclusion. Research Determinates This interdisciplinary study demands the experience and knowledge of mainly the environmental elements, its topics involved as following: a. Human Requirements: This item covers a great deal of factors but our main two determinates are the physiological thermal comfort, and a healing environment. b. Climatology due to the fact that the climate factors in most areas of Egypt have the properties of being harsh, we determine the Climatological characteristics by the study of the: · Arid Regions, the desert constraints and potentialities · The heat transfer process, humidity and wind effect. c. Built Environment: It involves the study of the following: · Traditional building of the Arid Region which are considered lesson of the past and examples to learn from. · Hospital architecture and the multifunction activities involved to deliver the health service required. Chapter I ANAYLSIS OF CLIMATE, HEAT TRANSFER PRINCIPLES AND HUMAN THERMAL COMFORT CRITERIA IN HOT DRY CLIMATES In hot dry climates, to reach the goal of living in harmony, we need to investigate the required comfort standards, the climate factors and the heat transfer that affect the human and his needs. The studies of comfort standards require investigating the active cooling and heating systems on the energy use in hospital buildings. The thermal comfort criteria can be achieved through designers’ efforts in controlling the building environment in a hospital building in hot dry regions. The adaptation of the physically built environment, the design of the building layout (orientation, shape, form, openings, and walls) and the interior design, is also a necessity. In hot dry climates the designer is faced with two main differences, The dominant climatic factors (parameters) influencing the design activity. The human physiological and psychological response to the surrounding conditions. Chapter II TRADITIONAL SOLUTIONS SHOWING PASSIVE COOLING BUILDING WITH EXAMPLES The demonstration and investigation of the unique impact of the arid region on urban design requirements will offer guidelines for the optimal design form, which will respond to such a stressed climate. There is no doubt that climate has had its impact on a number of design and construction elements such as internal circulation, external orientation of buildings, and the use of building materials. Climatic considerations led to introducing of special architecture features such as internal fountains and water pools, wooden lattice work covering windows and balconies, internal courts, wind catcher, and many of the elements that distinguish the architectural style of this period. Many of these elements that characterized the traditional architecture, merged in harmony, because of socio-cultural considerations which are by products of strongly held religions beliefs in the region. The correct choice to the determining the building concept, and choice of materials in arid regions is concerned in an equation grouping the human physical energy cost that is demanded to utilize these materials so as to form shelter with the least amount of physical effort and satisfies the basic needs, that is providing minimum protection from heat and cold. An examination of the past may provide insights to the simplest solutions. The experience of the ancient civilization structures and their vernacular response could be considered as examples to learn from. Chapter III METHODS OF PASSIVE COOLING AND HEATING TECHNIQUES Today is the moment to research and explore different passive solar concepts, techniques, motifs, designs, methods of construction, styles, and socio-economic controls with the function and needs for hospital building design more thoroughly. We need to create conditions for breaking through deadlock to generate new and useful ideas. Hopefully, the solar energy principles demonstrated in this chapter will shape the future way for better use of the natural resources, better quality of indoor, healing, and healthier life. The literature on the various aspects of the use of solar energy for microclimate control is increasing rapidly. The choice between competing energy systems is usually made on the basis of the lowest value in a cost-benefit ratio. Quality which may influence the life and the maintenance of the equipment is a benefit that could be hard to quantify. However, the performance of space cooling and heating systems should be specified in terms of keeping people comfortable. As a range of temperatures will suit most people, it may possible to operate at conditions that satisfy less than the maximum number of people, but that require significantly less energy and less operation cost. With passive systems which cannot produce specific conditions at will, the level of dissatisfaction could be taken as an inverse measure of the system quality. A Passive solar design will be energy conservative, but it will have specific features for control of solar absorption or for the utilization of absorbed energy in natural circulation devices which can influence comfort, such as the reduction of heat gain achieved by reflective paint and also by external operable devices. An increasing number of passive devices will be factory built items that must be incorporated into the structure. Chapter IV: Hospital Space Analysis. The hospital is an architecture organism. The hospital requirement, patients needs, staff, administrators, goods, different department functions and circulation. The analysis of all these components will determine the necessary environmental requirements so as not to obstruct the main function for healing the patient. One of the main goals of hospital planning is to meet future prospects. Hospitals as a shelter for patients, nurses and doctors should satisfy their needs for treatment of patients. The introduction of computer science in all activities of life has an impact on hospitals as any other activity of our life. Two advantages will be gained: a. Improving communication activities. b. Information system made easy to obtain. Concerning each patient nursing unit should be provided by two computers, one for the doctor in charge and the other for the nurses’ station for communication and medical usage or for other activities such as: · Control electrical lights or open and close windows. · Communication with the pharmacy, laundry, dietary department….etc. · Control any other devices that might be introduced in the future. All that’s mentioned in this chapter will lead us to select the areas and departments in the hospital which we could apply on the possible concept for solving the mentioned problem. Chapter V Methodology, Alternatives and Conclusions The success of reducing the use of electric power and the use of lowenergy methods depends on natural ventilation for cooling, solar radiation for heating, implementing daylighting sources, will save electrical consumption and produce clean energy. This chapter deals with the application of all the disciplines and data analyzed in the past chapters to achieve the goals and objectives which addresses the problem. The concept guiding hospital design in the climate is the creation of an envelope. Orientation of the hospital building is the key to achieving thermal comfort. If the envelope is really well insulated and has a significant thermal capacity, there is not much difference in the thermal performance of a space in another direction because the envelope is sealing the passage of energy. This chapter will also present a hospital concept and several alternatives for the nursing care units. These alternatives are based on the size of the nursing care unit and function required by each space for healing the patient. Also the passive heating and cooling systems are demonstrated in the plans and sections presented. The concept design depends mainly on the passive systems demonstrated in previous chapters. |