الفهرس 
Climatic TypesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
through the increase of climatic temperature in hot arid regions, global warming
effects, high fuel consumption due to the use of mechanical systems, and gas
emissions and pollution in hospitals.
Goals and Objectives
The research aims to implement passive cooling and heating systems,
minimize fuel consumption in hospitals, present a concept for utilizing a
system, and present alternative solutions to achieve the adequate
physiological thermal comfort.
Methodology
The research carried the problem by both the analytical methodology
and descriptive methodology. The methodology derived to results in the
form concepts and alternatives schemes that lead to recommendations and
conclusion.
Research Determinates
This interdisciplinary study demands the experience and knowledge of
mainly the environmental elements, its topics involved as following:
a. Human Requirements:
This item covers a great deal of factors but our main two determinates
are the physiological thermal comfort, and a healing environment.
b. Climatology due to the fact that the climate factors in most areas
of Egypt have the properties of being harsh, we determine the
Climatological characteristics by the study of the:
· Arid Regions, the desert constraints and potentialities
· The heat transfer process, humidity and wind effect.
c. Built Environment: It involves the study of the following:
· Traditional building of the Arid Region which are considered
lesson of the past and examples to learn from.
· Hospital architecture and the multifunction activities involved to
deliver the health service required.
Chapter I
ANAYLSIS OF CLIMATE, HEAT TRANSFER
PRINCIPLES AND HUMAN THERMAL
COMFORT CRITERIA IN HOT DRY CLIMATES
In hot dry climates, to reach the goal of living in harmony, we need to
investigate the required comfort standards, the climate factors and the
heat transfer that affect the human and his needs. The studies of comfort
standards require investigating the active cooling and heating systems on
the energy use in hospital buildings.
The thermal comfort criteria can be achieved through designers’
efforts in controlling the building environment in a hospital building in
hot dry regions. The adaptation of the physically built environment, the
design of the building layout (orientation, shape, form, openings, and
walls) and the interior design, is also a necessity. In hot dry climates the
designer is faced with two main differences,
The dominant climatic factors (parameters) influencing the design
activity.
The human physiological and psychological response to the
surrounding conditions.
Chapter II
TRADITIONAL SOLUTIONS SHOWING PASSIVE
COOLING BUILDING WITH EXAMPLES
The demonstration and investigation of the unique impact of the arid
region on urban design requirements will offer guidelines for the optimal
design form, which will respond to such a stressed climate.
There is no doubt that climate has had its impact on a number of
design and construction elements such as internal circulation, external
orientation of buildings, and the use of building materials. Climatic
considerations led to introducing of special architecture features such as
internal fountains and water pools, wooden lattice work covering
windows and balconies, internal courts, wind catcher, and many of the
elements that distinguish the architectural style of this period. Many of
these elements that characterized the traditional architecture, merged in
harmony, because of socio-cultural considerations which are by products
of strongly held religions beliefs in the region.
The correct choice to the determining the building concept, and
choice of materials in arid regions is concerned in an equation grouping
the human physical energy cost that is demanded to utilize these materials
so as to form shelter with the least amount of physical effort and satisfies
the basic needs, that is providing minimum protection from heat and cold.
An examination of the past may provide insights to the simplest solutions.
The experience of the ancient civilization structures and their vernacular
response could be considered as examples to learn from.
Chapter III
METHODS OF PASSIVE COOLING AND HEATING
TECHNIQUES
Today is the moment to research and explore different passive
solar concepts, techniques, motifs, designs, methods of construction,
styles, and socio-economic controls with the function and needs for
hospital building design more thoroughly. We need to create conditions
for breaking through deadlock to generate new and useful ideas.
Hopefully, the solar energy principles demonstrated in this chapter
will shape the future way for better use of the natural resources, better
quality of indoor, healing, and healthier life. The literature on the various
aspects of the use of solar energy for microclimate control is increasing
rapidly. The choice between competing energy systems is usually made
on the basis of the lowest value in a cost-benefit ratio. Quality which may
influence the life and the maintenance of the equipment is a benefit that
could be hard to quantify.
However, the performance of space cooling and heating systems
should be specified in terms of keeping people comfortable. As a range of
temperatures will suit most people, it may possible to operate at
conditions that satisfy less than the maximum number of people, but that
require significantly less energy and less operation cost. With passive
systems which cannot produce specific conditions at will, the level of
dissatisfaction could be taken as an inverse measure of the system quality.
A Passive solar design will be energy conservative, but it will have
specific features for control of solar absorption or for the utilization of
absorbed energy in natural circulation devices which can influence
comfort, such as the reduction of heat gain achieved by reflective paint
and also by external operable devices. An increasing number of passive
devices will be factory built items that must be incorporated into the
structure.
Chapter IV:
Hospital Space Analysis.
The hospital is an architecture organism. The hospital requirement,
patients needs, staff, administrators, goods, different department
functions and circulation. The analysis of all these components will
determine the necessary environmental requirements so as not to obstruct
the main function for healing the patient. One of the main goals of
hospital planning is to meet future prospects.
Hospitals as a shelter for patients, nurses and doctors should
satisfy their needs for treatment of patients. The introduction of
computer science in all activities of life has an impact on hospitals
as any other activity of our life. Two advantages will be gained:
a. Improving communication activities.
b. Information system made easy to obtain.
Concerning each patient nursing unit should be provided by two
computers, one for the doctor in charge and the other for the nurses’
station for communication and medical usage or for other activities
such as:
· Control electrical lights or open and close windows.
· Communication with the pharmacy, laundry, dietary
department….etc.
· Control any other devices that might be introduced in the
future.
All that’s mentioned in this chapter will lead us to select the
areas and departments in the hospital which we could apply on the
possible concept for solving the mentioned problem.
Chapter V
Methodology, Alternatives and Conclusions
The success of reducing the use of electric power and the use of lowenergy
methods depends on natural ventilation for cooling, solar
radiation for heating, implementing daylighting sources, will save
electrical consumption and produce clean energy.
This chapter deals with the application of all the disciplines and
data analyzed in the past chapters to achieve the goals and objectives
which addresses the problem. The concept guiding hospital design in the
climate is the creation of an envelope. Orientation of the hospital building
is the key to achieving thermal comfort. If the envelope is really well
insulated and has a significant thermal capacity, there is not much
difference in the thermal performance of a space in another direction
because the envelope is sealing the passage of energy.
This chapter will also present a hospital concept and several
alternatives for the nursing care units. These alternatives are based on the
size of the nursing care unit and function required by each space for
healing the patient. Also the passive heating and cooling systems are
demonstrated in the plans and sections presented. The concept design
depends mainly on the passive systems demonstrated in previous
chapters.