الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The successful productivity of fish using ponds depends on the physical–chemical and biological characteristics of soil and water used for fish cropping and the nutrition management of the aquaculture species. (Ntengwe 2008).
Soil plays an important role in reported determining the fertility of fish ponds. The soil condition is an important environmental factor influencing water quality and controlling various process. (Avnimelech and Ritvo .,2003; Ntengwe 2008).
Khushk et al., (2005) conducted a survey of fish farmers (n = 80). Fish production varies from pond to pond due to variations in soil, feeds, and fish diseases.
Bagghi et al. (1990) Studied the effect of pond soil on fish production. There was wide variation in soil types with respect to their fish productively. Sandy loam soil of poinds different significantly from clay and sandy soil but sandy soil and clay soil did not differ significantly. There was a significant correlation between production of fish and soil types of ponds.
Avnimelech et al., (2004) reported that pond bottom conditions change with time, affected, to a large extent, by the accumulation of organic matter residues leading to high oxygen consumption and the development of reducing conditions.
Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture and it involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures and ponds, usually for food. Fish species raised by fish farms include salmon, catfish, tilapia, cod, carp, trout and others (Nelson, 2006).
Landau and Scarpa (2001) reported that a great deal of commercial aquaculture takes place in earthen ponds. Because the soil affects the chemistry of the water, and the ability of the pond to hold water, soil is considered an important topic for most culturists. The chemistry of soils is somewhat complex. Not only does soil affect the pH of the water and the nutrients available to plants and phytoplankton, but soils may also affect the water chemistry because of their cation exchange capacity. Soils that are high in organics usually have a very high exchange capacity, soils with expanding clay minerals are intermediate, while those soils dominated nonexpanding minerals have a very small cation exchange capacity. Because soil chemistry is complicated and variable, in this article we will only concentrate on some of the physical properties of soils and their relationships to ponds, not on soil chemistry.
Recently FAO reports described tilapia as ’the fish of miracles’: one that can solve the protein problems of developing countries while satisfying the increasing demand for fish in the developed world (Ntengwe 2008). Tilapia is one of the most important workhorses in world aquaculture (Fitzsimmons, 2000); and one of the most popular fish in Egypt. Tilapia world aquaculture production doubled more than six dates between 1986 and 2002 and now follows only Chinese carps and salmonids in total annual world aquaculture production (FAO, 2004 and 2006).
Intensive fish farming causes large amounts of organic waste in the form of unconsumed feed, fecal and excretory matter to accumulate in the bottom sediment. This organic waste matter generates considerable changes in the benthic macrofauna and chemical structure of the sediment (Ackefors and Enell, 1990).
Since the exchange time of freshwater systems is shorter than that in marine environments, the environmental effects of wastes produced by freshwater cage fish culture are much stronger than those of marine cage farming (Beveridge et al., 1997). It has generally been observed that fish farming has a comparatively lower impact on the water column than on the sediment and analysis of the nutrient concentration of the sediment is a matter of determining the prospective inputs of the cages (La Rosa et al., 2004; Schendel et al., 2004).
A pen-cum-pond system is a system in which one or more fish species are reared semi-intensively in ponds and fed naturally on the wastes resulting from other intensively cage (pen)-cultured fish species . This system has been developed and used successfully by a number of researchers (Lin and Diana, 1995; Yi and Lin, 2001; Yi et al., 2003). However, as mentioned earlier, it is still not applied on a commercial scale.
The supply of fish seed of suitable quality and on date has been recognized as an important constraint on the development of aquaculture in all systems and production levels (Bromage and Roberts, 1995). Seasonal demand for seed is one of the major problems for tilapia fry producers. In sub-tropical and temperate regions, tilapia fry demand may decrease during the cold season. Hatchery producers, therefore, need to maximize seed output during periods of high demand; but, during low demand periods, the holding nursing of fry is necessary until demand rises. Holding fry incurs high cost and may be a wasteful effort (Brummett, 1995; Wangpen, 1996).
Several factors affecting tilapia production e.g. fish sex (Little et al., 2003), stocking density (Siddiqui and El-Harbi, 1999), feed frequency Kubaryk (1980) and feed form (Santiago et al., 1987).
Thus, the present study aimed to reveal the effect of rearing Tilapia under three soil types on growth performance, productions, water and bottom soil quality, as well as the chemical evaluation. Also, culture tilapia under integrated system was evaluated and so tilapia spawning.