الفهرس 
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Abstract
Updated studies on bovine hypophosphatemia with particular reference to new aspects of diagnosis and treatment
Post parturient hemoglobinuria or hypophosphatemia one of metabolic diseases affecting cows and buffaloes every year during berseem season this due to berseem rich in saponin (hemolytic agent) in addition to berseem rich in calcium and poor in phosphorus. This work was designed to study the Clinical, hematological and some biochemical alteration in cattle and buffaloes suffered from post parturient hemoglobinuria or hypophosphatemia, Compare the therapeutic efficacy of inorganic phosphorus compounds and organic phosphorus compounds, Occult bloody milk secreted by lactating buffaloes and Effectiveness of blood transfusion as the last salvation in life threatening cases.
This study was carried out on 50 recently parturient cows and 50 pregnant lactating Egyptian buffaloes belonging to Behera governorate. Two blood samples were collected from each animal before treatment and after 7days from treatment. The first blood sample was collected on anticoagulant to study blood picture, reduced glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the second blood sample was collected without anticoagulant for separation of serum for biochemical analysis (Inorganic phosphorus, Calcium, Iron, Copper, Selenium and Bilirubin).
These animals were classified into 7 groups:-
Group (1): Apparently clinically healthy recently parturient cows (10) used as a control for post parturient hemoglobinuric ones.
Group (2): (Post parturient hemoglobinuric cows (18) treated with inorganic phosphorus ”Sodium mono basic phosphate or sodium dibasic phosphate” and completely responded):
Group (3): (Post parturient hemoglobinuric cows (22) treated with organic phosphorus ”Toldimfos sodium” followed by progression of unresponded ones):
Group (4): Apparently clinically healthy pregnant lactating buffaloes (10) used as a control for hypophosphatemic ones.
Group (5): (Hypophosphatemic hemoglobinuric buffaloes (12) treated with inorganic phosphorus and completely responded):
Group (6): (Hypophosphatemic hemoglobinuric buffaloes (13) treated with organic phosphorus followed by progression of unresponded ones):
Group (7): 15 buffaloes secreted bloody milk or red coloration of creamy layer and milk sediment after a period from milking during berseem season and treated with organic or inorganic phosphorus.
Group (2) :- (Post parturient hemoglobinuric cows treated with inorganic phosphorus and completely responded):
These cases appeared in berseem season with signs of reddish to dark colored urine and foamy in characters, straining while defecation, decreased milk yield, normal temperature, respiratory rate and pulse rate were slightly elevated, mucous membranes not changed and slight decrease in ruminal motility.
Blood picture showed significant (P<0.01) decrease in RBCs count, Hb content and PCV%. The biochemical analysis showed significant decrease (P<0.01) in serum inorganic phosphorus, Ca, iron, copper, selenium, blood glucose-6-phosphate and reduced glutathione with significant (P<0.01) increase in serum total bilirubin level.
On the other hand all these parameters after treatment by inorganic phosphorus were not significantly differ when also compared with the control group.
The affected animals were successively treated with 60 gram monobasic sodium phosphate dissolved in 300 ml sterile distilled water injected intravenous and similar dose injected subcutaneously and other orally in the same time, subcutaneous and oral dose repeated after 12 hours two times or treated with 60 gram dibasic sodium phosphate dissolved in 600 ml sterile distilled water injected intravenous daily for about 3-5 days.
Vitamin E and selenium (Hepravit) also injected two times along the diseased period with a dose 1ml/ 10 kg body weight.
Group (3) :- (Post parturient hemoglobinuric cows treated with organic phosphorus followed by progression of unresponded ones):
In this group 22 cows showed clinical signs of mild post parturient hemoglobinuria (previously mentioned) was treated with organic phosphorus (Toldimfos sodium and Vitamin E and selenium), 12 cows only respond to this treatment, while the remaining cows (10) not respond and progressed to sever form of post parturient hemoglobinuria, where the main clinical signs in this non treatable cows were coffee colored urine with foamy character, partial loss of appetite, sever straining during defecation; pulse and respiratory rate were elevated with pale mucous membranes. These non responsible cows (10) to treatment with organic phosphorus were retreated with inorganic phosphorus, 3 cows were responded well to this treatment, while the remaining (7) cows not responded to the same treatment and progressed to lifethreatening conditions, which showed more sever signs including coffee colored urine with foamy character, complete loss of appetite, sever straining during defecation, pulse and respiratory rate were significantly elevated with icteric mucous membranes and constipation with complete cessation of ruminal movement, the animal became dull and dehydrated. These cows retreated with blood transfusion.
1- Hematological and biochemical changes of hemoglobinuric cows treated with organic phosphorus:-
Highly significant (P<0.01) decreases in the mean values of RBCs count, Hb content and PCV% were observed in post parturient hemoglobinuric cows before and after treatment with organic phosphorus when compared with healthy ones.
The biochemical alteration of blood and serum profile showed highly significant (P<0.01) decreases before and after treatment with organic phosphorus. So the recovered cows were very low in comparison with diseased cows treated with inorganic phosphorus.
2- Hematological and biochemical changes of hemoglobinuric cows retreated with inorganic phosphorus:-
Highly significant (P<0.01) decreases in the mean values of RBCs count, Hb content and PCV% were observed in post parturient hemoglobinuric cows before and after retreatment with inorganic phosphorus when compared with healthy ones.
The biochemical alteration of blood and serum profile showed highly significant (P<0.01) decreases before and after retreatment with inorganic phosphorus. Inspite of this severe decline some cows retreated with inorganic phosphorus started to improve its serum biochemical parameters to the minimum of ensuring the survival of the animal alive and recovery.
On the other hand, the lifethreatening cows which not responded to inorganic phosphorus are responded to blood transfusion as follows:-
3- Hematological and biochemical changes of lifethreatening cows not responded to inorganic phosphorus but responded to blood transfusion:-
The mean values of RBCs, count Hb content and PCV % of lifethreatening hemoglobinuric cows were highly significantly (P<0.01) decreased.
Serum and blood biochemical parameters including inorganic phosphorus, calcium, iron, copper, selenium, reduced glutathione, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were highly significantly (P<0.01) decreased, while serum total bilirubin was highly significantly (P<0.01) increased in lifethreatening diseased cows. Urgent blood transfusion is the only indicative in such cases, because blood transfusion will rapidly aid in increasing Hb content and consequently increasing oxygen carrying capacity, and also help in treatment of sever dehydration which occurs in such cases.
Group (5) :- (Hypophosphatemic hemoglobinuric buffaloes treated with inorganic phosphorus and completely responded):
The first clinical signs in hypophosphatemic buffaloes under experiment during 1 to 3 days is the only shedding of reddish to black coffee foamy urine with normal appetite, after that the disease progress and other signs begin to appear including, straining during defecation, decreased milk yield, partial loss of appetite, sever straining during defecation; pulse and respiratory rate were elevated with pale mucous membranes.
Blood picture showed significant (P<0.01) decrease in RBCs count, Hb content and PCV%.
All biochemical parameters before treatment were significantly (P<0.01) decreased except calcium and total bilirubin which is non significantly changed and significantly increased respectively when compared with control group. On the other hand all these parameters after treatment were not significantly differ when also compared with the control group. These results indicate that the inorganic phosphorus is the drug of choice for treatment of most buffaloes suffering from hemoglobinuria.
Group (6) :- (Hypophosphatemic hemoglobinuric buffaloes treated with organic phosphorus followed by progression of unresponded ones):
In this group 13 pregnant lactating buffaloes showed clinical signs of mild post parturient hemoglobinuria (previously mentioned) was treated with organic phosphorus, 9 buffaloes only respond to this treatment, while the remaining buffaloes (4) not respond and progressed to sever form of hemoglobinuria, where the main clinical signs in this non treatable buffaloes were coffee colored urine with foamy character, partial loss of appetite, sever straining during defecation; pulse and respiratory rate were elevated with pale mucous membranes. These non responsible buffaloes (4) to treatment with organic phosphorus were retreated with inorganic phosphorus and responded well to the treatment.
1- Hematological and biochemical changes of hemoglobinuric buffaloes treated with organic phosphorus:-
Highly significant (P<0.01) decreases in the mean values of RBCs count, Hb content and PCV% were observed in hemoglobinuric buffaloes before and after treatment with organic phosphorus when compared with healthy ones.
The biochemical changes of blood and serum profile showed highly significant (P<0.01) decreases before and after treatment with organic phosphorus. So the recovered buffaloes were very low in comparison with diseased buffaloes treated with inorganic phosphorus.
2- Hematological and biochemical changes of hemoglobinuric buffaloes retreated with inorganic phosphorus:-
Highly significant (P<0.01) decreases in the mean values of RBCs count, Hb content and PCV% were observed in hemoglobinuric buffaloes before and after retreatment with inorganic phosphorus when compared with healthy ones.
The biochemical alteration of blood and serum profile showed highly significant (P<0.01) decreases before retreatment with inorganic phosphorus, except serum Ca and total bilirubin showed non significant change and significant increase respectively. Inspite of this severe decline, buffaloes retreated with inorganic phosphorus started to improve its serum biochemical parameters to the minimum of ensuring the survival of the animal alive and recovery.
Group (7) :- (New form of hypophosphatemia in buffaloes):-
The clinical signs include only secretion of occult bloody milk or red coloration of creamy layer and milk sediment after a period from milking and these phenomena appear only in buffaloes during berseem season. These animals successfully treated with inorganic or organic phosphorus preparation and Vitamin E and selenium.
Blood picture and biochemical profile showed significant decrease in RBCs count, Hb content, PCV%, inorganic phosphorus, iron and selenium, blood reduced glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase significantly decreased before treatment, while after treatment these parameters returned to its normal values.