الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nanotechnology involves working on an atomic or molecular scale to create materials or devices that are 100 nanometers in size or smaller. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter. The term ”Nanomedicine” is the medical application of nano-technology that will hopefully lead to useful research tools, advanced drug delivery systems and new ways to treat disease or repair damaged tissues and cells. Applications of Nanomedicine include diagnosis of infectious disease, drug delivery, targeting and controlled release, innovative dental materials, nanobioanalytics for implants and regenerative medicine, microbicidal coating for sterility, general hygiene and drug packaging, novel contrast agents, miniaturization of biochips and bio-labeling with quantum dots. The general approaches to laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases include microscopy, tissue culture and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). These techniques are expensive, slow, have limited ability to differentiate between multiple pathogens, and have a poor detection threshold with reduced sensitivity. Molecular technology diagnosis represented by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been adapted and utilized for pathogen detection. PCR has a higher detection threshold than previous techniques and can selectively differentiate between pathogen strains. All these limitations affect the speed of the diagnosis and delay prompt response and disease management. Therefore, taking advantage of the special electrical, magnetic, luminescent, and catalytic properties of nanomaterials, faster, sensitive and more economical diagnostic assays can be developed that can assist human kind in the battle against microbial pathogenesis. Nanotechnology can be applied to a wide spectrum of aspects in infectious disease. It can be used to study pathogenesis of infections, in diagnosis, in the treatment, in prevention and in vaccination. Nanotechnology Study of viruses pathogenesis may be helpful in understanding the patho mechanism of viral diseases and devising strategies for treatment. Nanotechnology offers many technological advances for pathogen detection, including pathogen identification through surface marker recognition, pathogen detection using nucleic acids, detecting toxins and infectious diseases secreted markers, determining drug resistance/ susceptibility through the monitoring of a pathogen’s metabolic activity. Pathogens express different markers on their surface to serve a variety of purposes. Despite their wide variety of functions, these entities share a common feature; that is, they are exposed to the extracellular milieu. Hence, these biomolecules are attractive pathogen association markers in nanotechnology, as nanoprobes can easily access them without having to cross any biological membranes or barriers. In nature; differences among organisms arise from their variations at the genomic level, or differential alterations in the expression of their genes and protein modifications. Scientists have sequenced the genome of numerous pathogens, identifying unique nucleic acid signatures that are not present in the human genome. Acknowledging the numerous advantages of nanotechnology, nanoparticle conjugates of nucleic acids have been designed as probes for the fast identification of several pathogens. Toxins are potent biomolecules causing pathogenesis in a wide-range of populations, quick identification of these agents is critical. Current toxin identification methods have limitations, including their complexity, high cost, and limited point-of-care utility. Considering these, and the possible use of toxins as bioterrorism agents, nanotechnology has provided us with a plethora of toxin detection approaches, achieving low detection and portability, while maintaining low cost and user-friendly setups. The development of new resistant strains of bacteria to current antibiotics has become a serious problem in public health; therefore, there is a strong incentive to develop new bactericides. New generations of vaccines will be prepared from recombinant protein antigens. However, it is less immunogenic than the corresponding crude inactivated microorganism. These systems can be designed in such a way that the most sophisticated ones resemble closely to empty virus envelopes or capsids. The more recent data clearly suggest that nanotechnology can be used to control the type of the immune response produced by antigen-associated liposomes or nanoparticles. Controlling the type of immune response by using appropriate carriers is also part of a new challenge, which consists in finding new treatments of chronic infections based on therapeutic vaccination. In the next decade, measurement devices based on nanotechnology, which can make thousands of measurements very rapidly and very inexpensively, will become available and will play important roles not only in diagnosis but also in linking diagnosis with treatment and development of personalized medicine. Because of the integration and interrelationships of several technologies involved in. The term ”Nanotechnology” refers to the ability to engineer materials precisely at the Nanometer level. The term ”Nanomedicine” is the medical application of nano-technology. There are many applications of Nanomedicine which include diagnosis of infectious disease, drug delivery, targeting and controlled release, innovative dental materials, nanobioanalytics for implants and regenerative medicine, general hygiene, drug packaging and novel contrast agents. Nanotechnology will be in wide spread use within decade, and the maximum impact will be felt.