الفهرس 
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Abstract
Schistosomes are parasitic worms. More than 200 million people worldwide are infected with the worm. The majority of these people live in Africa and South America. The worms can survive in their host for years. Although infected persons develop an immune response during an infection, the parasite significantly
suppresses the activity of the immune system in people who are chronically infected
with these worms. As Schistosoma species are helminth parasites with genes that
have been selected to modulate the host to tolerate chronic worm infections, often for
decades, without overt morbidity.
· There is a spectrum of mechanisms whereby various pathogens can
modulate the immune system. Instructions for development of specific immune
responses are largely mediated by chemokines, which can be induced in many types
of cells by an array of exogenous or endogenous factors, with pleiotropic cytokines
being the primary endogenous regulators.
· Because of the importance of Type ٢ T cells in host defense against
schistosomiasis, efforts will be focused on examining a subset of chemokines and
receptors that can modulate migration of these T lymphocytes.
Immunohistochemical, as well as, flow cytometric, and histopathology techniques
will be used to characterize the expression of these specific chemokines and receptors
during schistosoma infection.
· The aim of the present investigation is to demonstrate, in vitro and in
vivo, expressions of CCR1 and CCR5 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMCs) from healthy individuals and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infected
patients with chronic liver disease (CLD).
· All PBMCs from the studied groups are stained with monoclonal
antibodies against CD4, CD8, CCR1 and CCR5 and then detected by a flow
cytometry technique. In vitro study revealed that CCR1 and CCR5 expressions in
SEA treated short term culture of PBMCs are not significantly lower than healthy
controls (P=0.56 and 0.298, respectively). Also, In-vivo study, in active