الفهرس 
Para Phenylene DiamineOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Background:
Paraphenylenedimine (PPD) intoxication remain a major cause of ARF in Sudan with high morbidity and mortality among the intoxicated patients.
Objective: This study was made to high light the paraphnylenedimane (PPD) problem in Sudan.
One hundred patents with acute PPD intoxication admitted at KKDTC in Sudan have been reported.
Design and patients:
Retrospective studying of patients with PPD toxicity admitted to KKDTC in the period from August 2007 to September 2008. Investigations and treatment modalities performed during admission and the follow up period were reported and analyzed. Patients presented sporadically during the period of the study. They were admitted at the ENT teaching hospital and then transferred to KKDTC in the same day of admission.
Results:
One hundred patients with chronological age of 22.95± 5.3 (SD) years included 75 females (75%) and 25 males (25%). The main manner of intoxication was suicidal (41%). Renal involvement was the most common feature of PPD toxicity, (100%) of the severely intoxicated patients and (78.3%) in moderately intoxicated patients. Glomerular lesions were observed in (94%) of the renal biopsies. Thirty nine developed ARF. Strong correlations were observed between the dose PPD and the severity of intoxication. Oedema and asphyxia occurred in 35 patients (35%) of the study population. Neurological complications such as coma and paraplegia and cardiovascular complications (arrhythmias and heart blocks) were serious in the severely intoxicated group of patients. CPK, LDH, ALT, AST and TWBCs were markedly increased after exposure and there was significant DROP in haemoglobin level in the first week of intoxication.
Conclusion:
In t his study were the PPD systemic toxicity is doser-related. Renal involvement with prominent glamerular and interstitial lesions is the most common complication Hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are serious complication in PPD toxicity.
Recommendations:
• Paraphylenediamine (PPD) toxicity is a major health problem in Sudan, official authorities in Sudan should restrict the use and trade of PPD.
• A PPD formulation with concentration less than 6% (the allowable concentration according to t he European standards) can replace the available commercial PPD to be mixed with henna.
• Extensive information, public education programme and the collaboration of different health authorities to raise the public awareness of PPD related hazards.