الفهرس 
Anthropometric measurementsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
• The present study was carried out in Assiut governorate. It included 1000 preschool children with a mean age of 41.25 ± 12.79 months and range between 2 and 5 years. They were 573 females (57.30%) and 427 males (42.70%). They were selected among those attending ” Gynacologic, Obstetric and Pediatric hospital”, Assiut, Ministry of Health in Assiut governorate in the period from January, 2009 to June, 2009. Each child was subjected to full history taking laying stress on: age, sex, residence, father’s education and occupation, mother’s education and occupation and family income. History of medical diseases including GI troubles, parasitic infestation, and food allergy. Assessment of feeding and feeding disorders using an adapted Arabic translation of ”Feeding Day Treatment Program Family Questionnaire” Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital, Inc. Each child was subjected to 24 hours dietary recall.
• Anthropometric measurements were assessed especially weight for age, height for age, occipitofrontal circumference, mid arm circumference, skin fold thickness.
• The results of the present study showed that most of studied children were females (57.30%). Most of children were living in rural area (71.20%) and have average social class (60.50%). Most of fathers were above moderately educated (36.50%) and most of mothers were illiterate (33.80%). Most of fathers were governmental employees (34.20%) and majority of mothers were housewives (92.00%).
• The results of the present study showed that most of studied children were absolutely breast fed during the first 6 months then mixed feeding (74.40% and 23.00% respectively). Most children had delayed weaning after the age of 6 months (74.40%).
• The results of the present study revealed that (40.00%) of mothers of studied children had no concern about feeding of their children and (37.80%) considered the feedings small.
• The results of the present study revealed that vomiting was the most frequent GI trouble (25.90%) followed by chocking (18.80%), gagging (10.80%), diarrhea (10.60%) then constipation (7.20%).
• The results of the present study revealed that history of parasitic infestation was present in 34.30% of the studied children especially entrobiasis (23.70%) then ankylostomiasis (6.20%). The least frequent was ascariasis (2.10%).
• The results of the present study revealed that history of food allergy was reported by 22.10% of mothers of the studied children. The most frequent allergens accused were milk (8.60%), eggs (7.80%), banana (2.60%), chocolate (2.00%), strawberry (0.80%) and the least common allergen was mango (0.30%).
• The results of the present study revealed that the most frequent sources of dietary animal protein were eggs, milk and the least type of animal protein consumed was fish.
• The results of the present study revealed that fruits and vegetables were always ingested by 21.30% and frequently ingested by 60.40% of the studied children.
• The results of the present study revealed that the mean dietary intakes as percentage of Required Dietary Allowance were 195 ± 46% for total protein, 85 ± 30 % for iron, 70 ±12% for Calories, 67 ± 26% for calcium, 56 ±19% for zinc and 16 ±13% for vitamin D.
• The results of the present study revealed a significantly higher frequency of female sex among children with feeding problems (62.60%) compared with those without feeding problems (44.00%) .
• The most common feeding problems present among the studied children were pica(49.90%), spitting food out (38.70%), picky eating (31.80%), eating little amount of food (25.10%), eating slow (25.00%), refusing to open mouth (24.10%), eating fast (21.80%), refusing to swallow (16.50%) and the least common feeding problems was not chewing (16.40%).
• The results of the present study revealed that most common techniques used by mothers to help their children to eat were to praise (95.50%), to ignore (60.90%), to offer reward (59.30%), to present mini meal (46.20%), less common techniques were to change meal schedule, to use TV, to force food, to coax, to distract with toys, to threaten, to limit food , to spank and the least common techniques were to send to roam.
• The results of the present study revealed a significantly higher frequency of constipation among children with feeding problems (7.54%) as compared with those without feeding problems (6.34%).
• The results of the present study revealed lower frequency of history of parasitic infestations among children with feeding problems (44.00%) compared to children without feeding problems (73.24%).
• The results of the present study revealed significant higher frequency of mixed and artificial feeding during the 1st six month of life among children with feeding problems (24.58% and 2.93% respectively) compared to children without feeding problems (19.00% and 1.80% respectively). Additionally, there is highly significant lower frequency of absolute breast feeding among children with feeding problems (72.49%) compared to children without feeding problems (79.20%).
• The results of the present study revealed significantly higher frequency of early and delayed age of weaning among children with feeding problems (4.89% and 77.65% respective ly) compared to children without feeding problems (3.87% and 66.20%). However, there is significantly lower frequency of appropriate age of weaning among children with feeding problems (17.46%) compared to children without feeding problems (29.93%).
• The results of the present study revealed non significantly higher frequency of below average socioeconomic class among children with feeding problems (28.20%) compared to children without feeding problems (10.56%). However, there is non significantly lower frequency of average and above average social class among children with feeding problems (58.00% and 13.80% respectively) when compared to those of children without feeding problems (66.90% and 22.54% respectively).
• The results of the present study revealed a significantly higher frequency of children living in rural area among those with feeding problems (77.93%) when compared to children without feeding problems (54.23%). However, there is non significant lower frequency of urban children among children with feeding problems (22.07%) compared to children without feeding problems (45.77%).
• The results of the present study revealed a significantly higher frequency of moderately and highly educated among children with feeding problems (20.70% and 12.70% respectively) when compared to children without feeding problems (10.80% and 0.00% respectively).
• The results of the present study revealed significantly higher frequency of working mothers among children with feeding problems (8.38%) when compared to children without feeding problems (7.05%). Additionally, there is significantly lower frequency of housewives among children with feeding problems (91.62%) when compared to children without feeding problems (92.95%).
• The results of the present study revealed that children with feeding problems had significantly lower mean caloric intake (70.60 ± 13%) when compared to children without feeding problems (72.90 ± 11%). Children with feeding problems had lower mean calcium ,iron ,zinc intake(65.80 ± 27%, 84.00 ± 30% and 57.00 ± 20% respectively ) when compared to children without feeding problems (68.60 ± 26%, 86.30 ± 25% and 59.90 ± 17% respectively). yet this difference did not reach the statistical significance. Surprisingly, children with feeding problems had higher mean vit D intake (16.20 ± 20%) when compared to children without feeding problems(13.60 ± 10%).
• The results of the present study revealed a significantly higher frequency of ignoring the child, forcing food, threatening and spanking as techniques used by mothers to feed their children among children with feeding problems (78.90%, 21.90%, 20.40% and 5.90% respectively) compared to those without feeding problems (15.50%, 9.50%, 0.40% and 0.40% respectively).
• The results of the present study revealed higher frequency of low BMI among children with feeding problems (4.60%) when compared to those without feeding problems (4.57%). The results of the present study revealed a significantly higher frequency of low MAC among children with feeding problems (57.82%) compared with those without feeding problems (8.80%).
• The results of the present study revealed a significant positive correlation between caloric intake and percentage of weight for age, percentage of weight for height, percentage of height for age, as well as a non significant positive correlation between caloric intake and mid arm circumference and skin fold thickness.
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• The results of the present study revealed that underweight was present in 4.20% of studied children, stunting was present in 6% of studied children and wasting was present in 3.30% of studied children.