الفهرس 
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Abstract
the relief of pain following surgery is essential during the post-operative period. Several techniques have been used for post-operative pain relief. Pre-emptive analgesia is a new concept suggesting that post-operative pain may be attenuated if the central changes due to pain are modulated before the occurrence of noxious stimuli.
Pre-emptive analgesia could be directed at the periphery, at inputs along sensory axons and at central neurons by using NASAIDs, local anaesthetic and opioids either alone or in combination.
Post-operative pain is an acute pain, which starts with the surgical trauma and usually ends with tissue healing. The main role of the anaesthetist is to enable patients to undergo surgical procedures without pain or distress.
The most effective way of treating clinical pain is to design management procedures that prevent the occurrence of plasticity in the nervous system.
Clinical pain can be evaluated subjectively or objectively:
• Subjective methods includes the various pain scores and scales.
• Objective methods includes the respiratory changes, the bio-chemical changes and EEG changes.
Ketorolac tromethamine is non-steroidal anti-inflammato.