الفهرس 
Anatomy of the ureterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urinary stone disease affects approximately 12% of the population worldwide, with a growing incidence in Western countries. Watchful waiting for spontaneous stone passage is certainly the least-invasive management option; however, several signs and symptoms may prohibit such a course of action. Fever, chills, or other sign of infection is the most urgent scenario prohibiting watchful waiting.
Watchful waiting is recently supported with medical expulsive therapy which should be considered as an option in the management of uncomplicated DUC specifically drugs that modify ureteral motility as calcium channel blockers and alpha blockers.
1-Recepotrs are the most abundant adrenergic receptors in ureteral smooth-muscle cells. The blockade of -adrenergic receptors by a specific antagonist inhibits basal tone, disorganized antiperstalsis, and ureteral spasm. So, using of tamsulosin in the treatment of distal-ureteral calculi gives encouraging results.
Ureteral smooth muscle uses an active calcium pump to produce contractions, so a calcium channel blocker such as nifedipine would be expected to relax ureteral muscle spasms which helps in reduction of pain and facilitate stone passage.
In this study we compared alpha blockers (tamsulosin) with calcium channel blocker (nifedipine) in addition to our traditional treatment with regards to rate and time of stone passage and attacks of renal colic. The results of this study concluded that the use of tamsulosin in the treatment of lower ureteric stones is better than nifedipine in increasing rate of stone passage, reduction of time of stone passage, pain relief and minimal side effects so we recommend tamsulosin to be the first drug of choice in the treatment of lower ureteric stones.