الفهرس 
Pathogenesis of hormone refractory prostate cancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the European union and the third most common cause of cancer related death in men in the western world.
In recent years, prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing has become an indispensable tool in urological oncology. In addition to allowing risk stratification and prognosis determination, PSA testing also allows the earlier detection of hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).
The growth of most prostate cancers will eventually become androgen independent and thus will be no longer respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), the state which is called (HRPC).
Patients with (HRPC) present a treatment challenge. Until recently, once a patient started to fail to respond to androgen deprivation therapy, the options were limited. Second line hormonal therapies represent the standard of care but are relatively ineffective. Patients with (HRPC) will therefore require multiple systemic therapies for their disease, ideally within the multidisciplinary team setting.
New data indicating that chemotherapy confer a survival advantage for poor prognosis patients.
In recent years, not only have novel chemotherapy regimens shown promise in men with (HRPC) but new therapeutic targets have also been identified as our understanding of disease progression has deepened. Gene therapy and immunotherapy are active field of investigation using a wide variety of approaches.
The majority of HRPC patients have some of its complications as painful bone metastases, spinal cord compression, lower urinary tract dysfunction, ureteric obstruction, marrow failure, lymphoedema, rectal infiltration and psychological problems
Finally, although (HRPC) is incurable, the main aim for treatment is to improve the quality of life of the patients in the final stage of their life.