الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and is ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The etiology of breast cancer is multifactorial and many risk factors including biological, genetic, hormonal, structural and environmental factors could be identified. Different treatment options exist for breast cancer patients including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and hormonal therapy.Estrogen is a major risk factor for breast cancer initiation and progression, hence tamoxifen (TAM) and endocrine therapy is considered as the treatment of choice for patients with hormone dependant breast cancer. Due to the emergence of tamoxifen resistance and the increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma in patients treated by tamoxifen, the search for alternative therapeutic modalities for breast cancer is increased.Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress represent major pathological basis for tumor development and breast cancer pathogenesis. Aromatase, the enzyme responsible for estrogen synthesis, is regulated by multiple promoters that can be activated by multiple cytokines as well as PGE2, the product of cyclooxygenase enzyme. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have also a role in carcinogenesis, by promoting the survival and proliferation of malignant cells. In view of such considerations, the design of the present study was set to detect the effect of some anti-inflammatory drugs including, celecoxib and leflunomide, on the growth and proliferation of DMBA-induced mammary tumor in female rats. The current work also compares these drugs with the standard hormonal therapy, tamoxifen, and investigates the possible mechanisms of action of all used drugs, to achieve best therapeutic management of breast cancer.Mammary tumor was induced in 32 female albino rats, by intubation of a single dose of 20 mg of DMBA suspended in 1 ml of sesame oil / rat, via an oral gavage syringe. Starting from the 5th week after intubation with DMBA, rats were palpated, at weekly intervals, to monitor the appearance of mammary tumor.