الفهرس 
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain the second most frequent community-acquired adult infection, and is the most common infection with increased resistance to antimicrobials. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli(UPEC) is by far the most common cause of UTI in both community and hospital settings . In recent years, management of UTIs has become increasingly problematic due to the emergence of resistance to first-line antibiotics among the causative bacteria, particularly among uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains.
Although there is great regional variation for the proportion of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) , the continued rise in sulphonamide resistance among bacterial pathogens is disturbing .
Resistance to sulphonamides is generally associated with resistance to additional antibiotics as frequent horizontal gene transfer would broadly distribute resistance genes, resulting in many resistance gene combinations. Multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli is an increasing problem worldwide, therefore the development of control strategies is of major importance.
Resistance to sulphonamides can occur through mutations in the chromosomal DHPS gene (folP) or through acquisition of an alternative DHPS gene (sul), whose product has a low affinity for sulfonamides . Of the two pathways, the sul genes are the most prevalent mechanism of sulfonamide resistance. Three sulphonamides resistance genes have been identified sul 1 , sul 2 , and sul3 genes.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of resistance genes may contribute to the creation of new antimicrobial strategies as well as some preventive measures to stop further spreading of sulphonamide resistance determinants among UPEC.
In the present research a total of 74 Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) were used. They were identified by classical biochemical methods. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method . Out of these, 50(68%) were resistant to sulphonamides ,maximum resistance was found against ampicillin and tetracycline (90%), whereas no resistance was detected against imipenem(0%) . Multi drug resistance was common among the tested strains as 96% of the isolates were carriers of this phenomenon..