الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important causes of visual loss worldwide, and is the principal cause of impaired vision in patients between 25 and 74 years of age. Visual loss from diabetic retinopathy may be secondary to macular edema, hemorrhage from new vessels, retinal detachment, or neovascular glaucoma.Diabetic macular edema is defined as retinal thickening within 2 disc diameters of the center of the macula or Swelling of the central part of the retina of the eye, which can cause blurred vision This condition is more common in older, non-insulin dependent diabetics,and is the most common cause of gradual loss of vision in a patient with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.It can be diagnosed by using fundoscopy, fundus fluoroscine angiography , optical coherence tomography and color vision tests.Color vision is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit. ,there are 3 types of cones responsible for color vision The cones are conventionally labeled according to the ordering of the wavelengths of the peaks of their spectral sensitivities: short (S), medium (M), and long (L) cone types, also sometimes referred to as blue, green, and red cone.