الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed
forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune
system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and ”recognize” it, so
that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these
microorganisms that it later encounters.and Vaccines can be prophylactic
In Egypt there are some viral endemic diseases as Foot and Mouth
disease (FMD), Rift Valley fever (RVF) and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD).
Vaccination programs for endemic diseases implemented by Governorate
Organization Veterinary Service (GOVS). The vaccines produced by
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI).
The present study was carried on total number of 51 cattle for
evaluation of antibody titer after vaccination against (FMD), (RVF) and
(LSD). And also we compares between intradermal and subcutaneous
injection in case of (LSD) vaccine.
Serum samples collected before after injection of FMD vaccine these
samples collected at (0, 15,30, 75 and 105 day) examined by SNT and ELISA
the result were higher level of antibodies titer at zero day and at 105 dpv. The
lower level of antibodies titer at,30 dpv.
Serum samples collected before after injection of RVF vaccine these
samples collected at (0, 15,30,45,60,90,120 and 150 day) examined by SNT
the result were higher level of antibodies titer at,45 dpv. then slightly decline
and nearly constant until 150dpv. The lower level of antibodies titer at zero
day. IgM by ELISA higher level at 15 dpv. The lower level at zero day and
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after 30 dpv. IgG by ELISA higher level 45 dpv then slightly decline and
nearly constant until 150dpv but lower level at zero day
Serum samples collected before after injection of LSD vaccine these
samples collected at (0, 15,30,45,60,90,120,150, 180,240,300 and 360 th day)
serum samples of animals injected by intradermal injection examined by
SNT the result were higher level of antibodies titer at 120 dpv then decline
till 360 dpv. In subcutaneous injection samples examined by SNT higher
level of antibodies titer at 45 dpv then decline till 360 dpv. We found that no
significant variation between subcutaneous injection and intradermal
injection.
These study concluded to the ideal time for revaccination of
RVF is 6 month. For LSD vaccine repeated annually no significant
variation between intradermal and subcutaneous injection. For FMD
vaccine, measuring antibody titer should be done before revaccination
to determine the titer and suitable time of revaccination.