الفهرس 
Chapter I : IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The scheme of this work was planned to make a field study in which the all examined animals were 199 Holstein Friesian dairy cows, 2-10 years old, from 2004-2005. The examined animals were present in Delta- Misr farms that located in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Field desig:The examined animals were categorized into 2 groups:group I: Includes 20 animals that were apparently healthy, clinically normal and served as control.group II: 179 animals showing the clinical signs of the disease and classified according to the organ affected into 3 subgroups: Subgroup A: animals with traumatic reticulitis and/or traumatic reticuloperitonitis (31 cases) including (7 cases) of traumatic pericarditis as a sequel of TRP. Subgroup B: animals with omasal impaction (6 cases).Subgroup C: animals with abomasal disorders (142cases) Clinical findings and clinical examination :Subgroup A: Animals with traumatic reticuloperitonitis:Showing anorexia, sharp decrease in milk yield, a reluctance to move or rise, an anxious expression and arched back. Abduction of the elbow joints that indicating a cranial abdominal pain. Tests for pain associated with foreign bodies including back grip, pole test and palpation for tenderness were positive for cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) showing a painful expiratory grunt.Subgroup B: Animals with omasal impaction:The affection was manifested clinically by complete anorexia, cessation of defection, an empty rectum and subacute abdominal pain with disinclination to move or lie down. By rectal palpation, the impacted omasum appeared as a large, round firm mass with checkered surface.Subgroup C: Animals with abomasal disorders:1-Left displaced abomasum (LDA):The LDA affected cows were suffering from anorexia, marked DROP in milk production and varying degrees of ketosis. On inspection of the abdomen, the left lateral abdomen appeared slab- sided because the rumen was smaller than normal and displaced medially. In LDA, the tympanitic sounds (pings) were audible on auscultation and percussion between the middle to the upper third of the 9th and 13th ribs.2-Right displaced abomasum (RDA):In cases of RDA, there was usually depression, dehydration, no interest in feed, and increased thirst with muscular weakness. Affected cows commonly sip water continuously. In RDA, the tympanitic sounds (pings) were audible on auscultation and percussion between the lower third of the 9th and 13th ribs and extending into the right paralumbar fossa.3-Abomasal volvulus (AV):In cases of AV, the clinical signs were much more severe than the RDA. The abdomen was visibly distended. Depression and weakness were marked with anxious expression.4-Abomasal ulcer :In cases of the abomasal ulcer, the affected cows suffering from partial anorexia and a slight to moderate DROP in milk production, accelerated pulse, paleness of mucous membranes and black feces.5-Abomasal impaction:In cases of the abomasal impaction, the affected cows suffering from complete anorexia, scant feces and moderate distension of the abdomen. A mucoid nasal discharge was usually present on the external nares and muzzle which was dry and cracking due to failure of the animal to lick its nostrils. In sand impaction, there was a considerable weight loss due to chronic diarrhea with sand in feces, weakness and recumbency.The obtained results of this study revealed that:1- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP):There was a significant increase in total leukocytic count with neutrophilia, total serum proteins, fibrinogen, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, LD and CPK. There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite value, lymphocytic count, potassium, sodium and chloride. phosphorous level and glucose level.An echogenic capsule with a centrally located accumulation of hypoechogenic fluid, which was the typical ultrasonographic appearance of an abscess, was observed repeatedly.TRP cows treated conservatively by immobilization of the animal and elevation of its front end, parentral administration of penicillins and oral administration of a magnet that fix any ferromagnetic foreign bodies.The number of TRP cows that responded to conservative treatment was 14 cows (45.2%) and the other 17 cows (54.8%) undergone to surgical intervention by rumenotomy and only 5 cases (29.4%)that responded to the surgical treatment and the remaining 12 cows (70.6%) were died due to complications of the disease as traumatic pericarditis 7 cows (22.6%) that having varying degrees of locally extensive fibrinous adhesions between the reticulum and ventral abdominal wall and the diaphragm. Fibrinous inflammation affected the entire peritoneal cavity with extensive fibrinous adhesions was present.2- Omasal impaction:There was a significant increase in total leukocytic count with neutrophilia and lymphoctosis, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, LD and CPK. There was a significant decrease in calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride and glucose.The number of cows that responded to the medical treatment was three cows (50%) and the other three animals did not respond to the treatment having grossly distended impacted omasum and patches of necrosis were present on the omasal leaves, and the peritonitis was evident at necropsy.3- Abomasal disorders:There was a significant increase in hematocrite value, total leukocytic count with neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, phosphorus level, total serum protein and glucose level in cases of RDA and AV. There was a significant increase in AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, LD and CPK for the cows with previously mentioned abomasal disorders. There was a significant decrease in R.B.Cs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite value and total serum protein in cases of abomasal ulcer. There was a significant decrease in the levels of calcium, potassium, sodium, and chloride for the cases of abomasal disorders. There was a significant decrease in the level of glucose in cases of LDA, abomasal ulcer and abomasal impaction.The results of this study indicated that ultrasonography was a suitable for diagnosing LDA in cows. Normally, the abomasum was found ventrally and caudal to the sternum and characterized by homogenous contents with moderately echogenic stippling. The utltrasonographic findings were generally consistent and characterized by displacement of the rumen from the abdominal wall by the abomasum. However, the ultrasonographic appearance of the displaced abomasum was not homogenous; the ventrally located ingesta were hypoechogenic to echogenic and the dorsal gas cap was characterized by reverberation artifacts.The success of medical treatment in cases of LDA was 10.5% while the RDA and AV cases not respond completely to medical treatment. The success of the surgical treatments by the right Paralumbar fossa omentopexy and abomasopexy was 90.6 %, 71.4% and 56.6% for LDA, RDA and AV, respectively. The number of abomasal ulcer that responded to the medical treatment was only one case (25%), while the number of cases with the abomasal impaction that responded to the medical treatment was only 2 cases (33.3%).At necropsy, the DA was trapped between the rumen and the left abdominal wall in cases of LDA. In RDA and AV, the abomasum was grossly distended with brownish, sanguineous fluid and was usually twisted in a clockwise direction. In case of abomasal ulcer, there were diffuse fibrinous and necrotizing peritonitis with superficial or deep abomasal ulcers. In case of abomasal impaction, the abomasum was grossly enlarged and impacted with dry rumen- like contents containing sand and gravel.from this study we concluded that:1-Ultrasonography of the reticulum was a useful aid in diagnosing traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle.2-Ultrasonography makes it possible to diagnose LDA accurately in dubious cases and could replace exploratory laporotomy, which had been recommended as a last diagnostic resort.3-Reduction of the incidence of DA in dairy herd could be achieved by avoiding overconditioning and maximizing dry matter intake in late pregnancy and thus improve energy balance.The scheme of this work was planned to make a field study in which the all examined animals were 199 Holstein Friesian dairy cows, 2-10 years old, from 2004-2005. The examined animals were present in Delta- Misr farms that located in Menoufia governorate, Egypt.Field design:The examined animals were categorized into 2 groups:group I: Includes 20 animals that were apparently healthy, clinically normal and served as control.group II: 179 animals showing the clinical signs of the disease and classified according to the organ affected into 3 subgroups: Subgroup A: animals with traumatic reticulitis and/or traumatic reticuloperitonitis (31 cases) including (7 cases) of traumatic pericarditis as a sequel of TRP. Subgroup B: animals with omasal impaction (6 cases).Subgroup C: animals with abomasal disorders (142cases) Clinical findings and clinical examination :Subgroup A: Animals with traumatic reticuloperitonitis:Showing anorexia, sharp decrease in milk yield, a reluctance to move or rise, an anxious expression and arched back. Abduction of the elbow joints that indicating a cranial abdominal pain. Tests for pain associated with foreign bodies including back grip, pole test and palpation for tenderness were positive for cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) showing a painful expiratory grunt.Subgroup B: Animals with omasal impaction:The affection was manifested clinically by complete anorexia, cessation of defection, an empty rectum and subacute abdominal pain with disinclination to move or lie down. By rectal palpation, the impacted omasum appeared as a large, round firm mass with checkered surface.Subgroup C: Animals with abomasal disorders:1-Left displaced abomasum (LDA):The LDA affected cows were suffering from anorexia, marked DROP in milk production and varying degrees of ketosis. On inspection of the abdomen, the left lateral abdomen appeared slab- sided because the rumen was smaller than normal and displaced medially. In LDA, the tympanitic sounds (pings) were audible on auscultation and percussion between the middle to the upper third of the 9th and 13th ribs.2- Right displaced abomasum (RDA):In cases of RDA, there was usually depression, dehydration, no interest in feed, and increased thirst with muscular weakness. Affected cows commonly sip water continuously. In RDA, the tympanitic sounds (pings) were audible on auscultation and percussion between the lower third of the 9th and 13th ribs and extending into the right paralumbar fossa.3-Abomasal volvulus (AV):In cases of AV, the clinical signs were much more severe than the RDA. The abdomen was visibly distended. Depression and weakness were marked with anxious expression.4-Abomasal ulcer:In cases of the abomasal ulcer, the affected cows suffering from partial anorexia and a slight to moderate DROP in milk production, accelerated pulse, paleness of mucous membranes and black feces.5-Abomasal impaction: In cases of the abomasal impaction, the affected cows suffering from complete anorexia, scant feces and moderate distension of the abdomen. A mucoid nasal discharge was usually present on the external nares and muzzle which was dry and cracking due to failure of the animal to lick its nostrils. In sand impaction, there was a considerable weight loss due to chronic diarrhea with sand in feces, weakness and recumbency.The obtained results of this study revealed that:1- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP): There was a significant increase in total leukocytic count with neutrophilia, total serum proteins, fibrinogen, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, LD and CPK. There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite value, lymphocytic count, potassium, sodium and chloride. phosphorous level and glucose level.An echogenic capsule with a centrally located accumulation of hypoechogenic fluid, which was the typical ultrasonographic appearance of an abscess, was observed repeatedly.TRP cows treated conservatively by immobilization of the animal and elevation of its front end, parentral administration of penicillins and oral administration of a magnet that fix any ferromagnetic foreign bodies.The number of TRP cows that responded to conservative treatment was 14 cows (45.2%) and the other 17 cows (54.8%) undergone to surgical intervention by rumenotomy and only 5 cases (29.4%)that responded to the surgical treatment and the remaining 12 cows (70.6%) were died due to complications of the disease as traumatic pericarditis 7 cows (22.6%) that having varying degrees of locally extensive fibrinous adhesions between the reticulum and ventral abdominal wall and the diaphragm. Fibrinous inflammation affected the entire peritoneal cavity with extensive fibrinous adhesions was present.2- Omasal impaction:There was a significant increase in total leukocytic count with neutrophilia and lymphoctosis, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, LD and CPK. There was a significant decrease in calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride and glucose.The number of cows that responded to the medical treatment was three cows (50%) and the other three animals did not respond to the treatment having grossly distended impacted omasum and patches of necrosis were present on the omasal leaves, and the peritonitis was evident at necropsy.3- Abomasal disorders:There was a significant increase in hematocrite value, total leukocytic count with neutrophilia and lymphocytosis, phosphorus level, total serum protein and glucose level in cases of RDA and AV. There was a significant increase in AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, LD and CPK for the cows with previously mentioned abomasal disorders. There was a significant decrease in R.B.Cs count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite value and total serum protein in cases of abomasal ulcer. There was a significant decrease in the levels of calcium, potassium, sodium, and chloride for the cases of abomasal disorders. There was a significant decrease in the level of glucose in cases of LDA, abomasal ulcer and abomasal impaction.The results of this study indicated that ultrasonography was a suitable for diagnosing LDA in cows. Normally, the abomasum was found ventrally and caudal to the sternum and characterized by homogenous contents with moderately echogenic stippling. The utltrasonographic findings were generally consistent and characterized by displacement of the rumen from the abdominal wall by the abomasum. However, the ultrasonographic appearance of the displaced abomasum was not homogenous; the ventrally located ingesta were hypoechogenic to echogenic and the dorsal gas cap was characterized by reverberation artifacts.The success of medical treatment in cases of LDA was 10.5% while the RDA and AV cases not respond completely to medical treatment. The success of the surgical treatments by the right Paralumbar fossa omentopexy and abomasopexy was 90.6 %, 71.4% and 56.6% for LDA, RDA and AV, respectively. The number of abomasal ulcer that responded to the medical treatment was only one case (25%), while the number of cases with the abomasal impaction that responded to the medical treatment was only 2 cases (33.3%).At necropsy, the DA was trapped between the rumen and the left abdominal wall in cases of LDA. In RDA and AV, the abomasum was grossly distended with brownish, sanguineous fluid and was usually twisted in a clockwise direction. In case of abomasal ulcer, there were diffuse fibrinous and necrotizing peritonitis with superficial or deep abomasal ulcers. In case of abomasal impaction, the abomasum was grossly enlarged and impacted with dry rumen- like contents containing sand and gravel.from this study we concluded that:1-Ultrasonography of the reticulum was a useful aid in diagnosing traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle.2-Ultrasonography makes it possible to diagnose LDA accurately in dubious cases and could replace exploratory laporotomy, which had been recommended as a last diagnostic resort.3-Reduction of the incidence of DA in dairy herd could be achieved by avoiding overconditioning and maximizing dry matter intake in late pregnancy and thus improve energy balance.