الفهرس 
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Abstract
In a search for better antidotes of metallic pollutants, many chemical (drugs) were evaluated. The aim of the present study was the evaluation and comparison of the efficacy of two familiar antidotes DMSA and DMPS used for treatment of lead toxicity.
The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of both DMSA and DMPS in treatment of long-term lead toxicity through assessment of hematological, biochemical, histopathological and levels of lead in some tissues (liver, kidney and brain) of exposed rats.
One hundred twenty male albino rats were divided into four groups (30 each). The first group (C) was used as control, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th (L, D and P) were exposed to lead acetate in drinking water (100 ppm) for 12 weeks. Both D and P groups were treated with DMSA and DMPS respectively after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks 24 hours prior to sampling.
The investigated parameters were hematological picture, biochemical parameters (total protein, ALT, AST, γ–GT, LPO, NO and SOD), lead levels (liver, kidney and brain) and histopathological examination.
The result indicated that the values of RBCs count showed a significant decrease in group L all over the whole period of the experiment. In groups D and P the decrease was significantly recorded in the last 2 weeks of exposure (10th and 12th weeks). At the 2, 4, 6 and 8th weeks of exposure no significant decrease in RBCs count was observed in comparison to the control group. The only significant difference between group D and group P was recorded at the 4th week. The result of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a significant decrease starting from the 6th week till the end of the experiment (12th week) in all the (L,
D and P) groups. Haematocrit percent (%) showed significant decrease in L & P groups all over the whole period of the experiment and in the 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks in case of D group. At 2nd & 4th weeks showed a significant increase when compared to group P. The result of group D were within the limit of group C (control) at 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks. The results of haemoglobin concentration showed a significant decrease in the whole period of the experiment in group L and in 8th, 10th and 12th weeks in group P and only at the last week (12th) in group D. A significant decrease in MCH values was recorded L, D and P groups at all periods except the 2nd week showed no significant decrease in D & P groups.
The results of WBCs count showed a significant increase in 2nd, 4th weeks in group L and D and a significant decrease at 10th & 12th weeks. In group P a significant decrease was noticed at 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks. Lymphocyte count showed a significant decrease in L & D groups at 10th & 12th weeks but in group P it was recorded at the 12th week. The results of granulocyte count showed a significant decrease at the first period (2nd week) in all groups (L, D and P) and at 8th, 10th and 12th weeks in group L. Monocyte count showed a significant decrease in L, D and P groups at the last three periods 8th, 10th and 12th weeks.
The results of estimated enzymes showed a significant decrease in serum AST at the 12th week in group L and a significant increase at the 2nd week in both D & P groups in relation to the L group. The same result was obtained in serum ALT as significant decrease in group L at 10th & 12th weeks and significant increase in D & P groups at the 2nd & 4th weeks in relation to the L group. The gamma-GT values showed no significant change in L group in comparison with the control group. On the other hand a significant decrease in group D & P was recorded at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th weeks in comparison with both C & L groups.
The results of LPO in brain homogenate showed significant increase during the whole period of the experiment in group L and at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week in D group. The result of group P showed significant decrease in comparison to group L & D all over the experiment period. The serum LPO showed significant increase in group L in comparison to group C during the whole period of the experiment. At 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks group D & P showed significant increase than group C and at the same time the result were decreased in comparison with L group. The result of nitric oxide in brain cytosol showed a significant increase in L group in comparison to C group. The D & P groups showed a significant decrease when compared to L group at the whole period of the experiment. No significant change was recorded in the result of nitric oxide in serum except a significant increase in the L group at the last two periods. The result of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain cytosol revealed a significant increase in group D at 8th week in comparison with L group. Also significant increase in group P was recorded in comparison to group D. Serum suproxide dismutase (SOD) showed no significant changes in all investigated groups all over the whole period of the experiment.
The result of lead levels in liver showed a significant increase in group L during the whole period of the experiment. Group D and P showed a significant decrease in lead levels in comparison with group L. At the 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks a significant increase in lead levels was recorded in group P in comparison with group D. Lead levels in the kidney at the whole period of the experiment showed a significant increase in group L in comparison with group C. A significant decrease was recorded in both D & P groups in comparison with L group. The lead level was significantly decreased at the 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks and significantly increased at 8th, 10th and 12th weeks in group P when
compared with D group. The result of lead levels in the brain tissues revealed a significant increase in L group in comparison with C group at 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks. A significant decrease was recorded at 8th, 10th and 12th weeks in group D in comparison with group L.
The results of histopathological changes revealed a clear variance between group D and L& P groups. Most of the recorded lesions in liver, kidney and brain of L& P groups at severe or moderate degree were absent or in a mild form in group D.