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Abstract
The goal of what today would be considered minimally invasive surgery may be to even surpass the outcomes possible with traditional open techniques, with diminished patient morbidity including accelerated recovery times; and, at the same time, preferably by reducing overall health care costs.
the origins of the clinical application of this concept can be traced back to Hippocrates in ~400 BC who used a rectal speculum to examine hemorrhoids. The centuries to follow fostered slow, incremental improvements in instrumentation and light sources that would eventually allow the requisite access as well as proper illumination of the operative field.