الفهرس 
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Abstract
Antibiotics are Mediciens that control and eradicate the bacteria. Enrofloxacin is a veterinary antibiotic with abroad spectrum belongs to a third generation of fluoroquinolone group with activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Enrofloxacin is a very important antibiotic because it uses in the treatment of many infections.
Green tea is a type of tea made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis provides the most antioxidant polyphenols.
Rosmarinus officinalis popularly known as “rosemary” is a common household plant grown in many parts of the world. Extract of rosemary has hepatoprotective, antimicrobial and antitumerogenic activity.
The aim of this study is to investigate the side effect of enrofloxacin on chromosomes, sperm, DNA and RNA using classical methods of cytogenetics and molecular biology, also the protective role of green tea against enrofloxacin effects was examined. In addition to the protective role of rosemary against enrofloxacin effects was also studied.
In this study 210 rats were used, 140 albino rats (70 male & 70 female), varying from 100-120 gm in weight and aged from 8-12 weeks old were used in the cytogenetic studies. In the molecular studies 70 male rats varying from 100-120 gm in weight and aged from 8-12 weeks old were used.
The experimental design for cytogenetic studies, 140 rats was divided into two groups (A&B) .70 male rats in Group (A) and 70 female rats in Group (B). Each was divided into 14 sub group. Each sub group was 5 rats.
Sub group (1) was negative control. Sub group (2; 3and 4): take respectively 1%, 1.5% ,3%of green tea extract only replacing to water as the sole source of drinking fluid daily for ten days. Sub group (5; 6and 7) take respectively 10%, 20% , 30%of rosemary extract only replacing to water as the sole source of drinking fluid daily for ten days. Sub group (8) 5 rats were injected intraperitonealy with enrofloxacin (75mg enrofloxacin /kg of rats) daily for ten days. Sub group (9; 10and 11) 15 rats, each 5 rats were injected intraperitonealy with enrofloxacin (75mg/kg) followed by 1% ,1.5% ,3% of green tea extract respectively daily for ten days. Sub group (12; 13and 14) 15 rats, each 5 rats were injected intraperitonealy with enrofloxacin (75mg/kg) followed by 10%, 20%, 30%of rosemary extract respectively daily for ten days.
Metaphase spreads of chromosome were prepared from bone marrow cells of the investigated animals.
The experimental design for molecular studies, 70 male rats was divided into14 groups. Each group was 5 rats.
Group (1) was negative control. Group (2; 3and 4): take respectively 1%, 1.5% ,3%of green tea extract only replacing to water as the sole source of drinking fluid daily for ten days. Group (5; 6and 7) take respectively 10%, 20% , 30%of rosemary extract only replacing to water as the sole source of drinking fluid daily for ten days. Group (8) 5 rats were injected intraperitonealy with enrofloxacin (75mg enrofloxacin /kg of rats) daily for ten days. Group (9; 10and 11) 15 rats, each 5 rats were injected intraperitonealy with enrofloxacin (75mg/kg) followed by 1% ,1.5% ,3% of green tea extract respectively daily for ten days. Group (12; 13and 14) 15 rats, each 5 rats were injected intraperitonealy with enrofloxacin (75mg/kg) followed by 10%, 20%, 30%of rosemary extract respectively daily for ten days.
At appropriate time, the rats were sacrificed and the liver, Spleen and kidney from each animal were dissected out for the determination of DNA damage, RNA damage, and apoptosis.
Besides molecular studies, both epididymis from each rat were dissected out for sperm morphology testing.
Chromosomal aberrations:
Both Structural and numerical types of aberrations and chromosomal stickiness are elucidated in group (A) (males) and group (B) (females).
Also the mitotic index was noticed in this study, the highest percentage of structural chromosomal abnormalities observed in bone marrow cells of male and female rats were found clearly in the form of deletion, fragments and gaps while the centromeric attenuation was the lowest value of aberrations. On the other hand the highest percentage of numerical chromosomal abnormalities observed in bone marrow cells of male and female rats were found clearly in the form of stickiness and tetrasomy, while monosomy and trisomy were lowest in the value of aberrations.
The value of mitotic index decrease by treated with enrofloxacin (75mg/kg).
Green tea showed highly protective role against treatment with enrofloxacin especially green tea (1%) so it reduced the value of Structural and numerical types of aberrations of the protected male and female rats.
Rosemary also made a high protective role against treatment with enrofloxacin especially rosemary (10%), so it reduced the value of Structural and numerical types of aberrations of the protected male and female rats.
Sperm head abnormalities:
The highest incidence of abnormality in the shape of sperms of rats treated with enrofloxacin was amorphous while hammer shape was the lowest frequency.
Green tea made a high protective role against sperm head abnormalities induced by enrofloxacin especially green tea (1%). Rosemary also made a high protective role against sperm head abnormalities induced by enrofloxacin especially rosemary (10%).
DNA and RNA damage (apoptosis and necrosis):
Apoptosis and Necrosis observed in liver, kidney and spleen, after treatment with enrofloxacin for ten days.
Apoptosis and Necrosis decreased in the protected animals than treated animals to be near to control especially green tea (1%) and rosemary (10%).
All obtained results showed that green tea and rosemary made a high protective role against genotoxic effects of enrofloxacin especially at low doses (green tea (1%) and rosemary (10%)).