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Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) bran is a by-product produced in the rice
milling industry. It possesses approximately 10% weight of the total
rice grain. Rice bran (RB) is an excellent source of proteins 12 to
16%, fat 18 to 22%, especially unsaturated fatty acids, fiber 8 to
12% and carbohydrates about 45.66%. It also contains a high level of
several phytochemicals, e.g. ã-oryzanol, tocopherols and tocotrienols.
Recently, rice bran has received attention because of its unique
health benefits. It also showed important positive effects on many
diseases, such as Diabetes Mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, etc.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding
three different forms of rice bran (extruded rice bran, heated rice
bran and raw rice bran) to the ingredients of cakes and patties. The
three forms of rice bran was added to the ingredients of cakes and
patties in a percentage of 2.5, 5 and 10% by replacing equal weights
of wheat flour in cakes and equal weights of kidney fats in patties.
According to the trained panelists, the best results were obtained by
using 5% of extruded rice bran, heated rice bran and raw rice bran in
both cakes and patties.
Depending on the results obtained by the trained panelists,
a biological experiment was carried out to study the effect of adding
5% of extruded rice bran, heated rice bran and raw rice bran to the
basal diets individually as 5% of total diet on improving lipid profile,
glucose level, liver function, kidney function and histopathology of
some internal organs of diabetic and hypercholesterolemic rats.
A total of forty five healthy adult male albino rats, Sprague
Dawely strain which were purchased from the Agricultural Research
Center, Giza, Egypt. (120 + 7 g.) weight and were used. The rats
were housed individually in wire cages under hygienic conditions, in
an air conditioned animal lab at Agricultural Research Center, Giza,
Egypt. Diets were given in a non-scattering feed cups to minimize
food loss, water was provided to the rats by means of glass tube
projecting through the wire cage from an inverted bottle supported to
one side of the cage. Food and water provided ad-labitum and
checked. The forty five rats were fed the basal diet for seven
consecutive days before the beginning of the experiment for period.
After that rats were divided into two major experimental groups
(Diabetic and hypercholesterolemic), in addition to a negative
control group and fed experimental diets for 28 days, they were
classified as follows:
1. Control negative (5 rats): In which normal rats fed basal diet.
2. Diabetic group (20 rats): Injected with alloxan to induce
diabetes mellitus, after that diabetic rats were divided to
4 groups as follows:
A- The group with diabetes mellitus (5 rats): Fed on basal diet
as control positive group.
B- The group with diabetes mellitus (5 rats): Fed on basal diet
containing 5% extruded rice bran.
C- The group with diabetes mellitus (5 rats): Fed on basal diet
containing 5% heated rice bran.
D- The group with diabetes mellitus (5 rats): Fed on basal diet
containing 5% raw rice bran.
4. Hypercholesterolemic group (20 rats): Fed on high cholesterol
diet to induce hyperchlesterolemia, after that rats were divided to
4 groups as follows:
A- The group with hyperchlesterolemia (5 rats): Fed on
hyperchlesterolemic diet as control positive group.
B- The group with hyperchlesterolemia (5 rats): Fed on
hyperchlesterolemic diet containing 5% extruded rice bran.
C- The group with hyperchlesterolemia (5 rats): Fed on
hyperchlesterolemic diet containing 5% heated rice bran.
D- The group with hyperchlesterolemia (5 rats): Fed on
hyperchlesterolemic diet containing 5% raw rice bran.
At the end of the biological experiment, the animals were
sacrificed under ether anaethesia and blood samples were collected
in clean dry centrifuge glass tubes from hepatic portal vain, for
determination of blood glucose level, GOT, GPT, ALP, creatinine,
urea, uric acid, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, T.C., T.G., total lipid,
total protein, albumin, globulin and bilirubin. The liver, heart,
kidneys, pancreas and spleen were removed from each rat and
washed by saline solution, then dried by filter paper and weighted.
The data were analyzed using a completely randomized
factorial design (SAS, 1985) when a significant main effect was
detected, the means were separated with the student-Newman-Keuls
test. Differences between treatments of (p ≤ 0.05) were considered
significant.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
The control negative group had a significant low glucose level,
GOT, GPT, ALP, creatinine, urea and uric acid. Also, the control
negative group had significant lower levels of cholesterol, T.G,
LDL-C, VLDL-C, total lipid, total protein, albumin, globulin and
bilirubin than control positive groups of diabetes mellitus and
hypercholesterolemia. On the other hand control (-) group had
a significant higher level of HDL than control positive groups of
diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia rats.
Diabetic groups:
Among all experimental groups, the group fed on basal diet
supplemented with 5% rice bran (ERB) showed that the best effect
in reducing the blood glucose level, serum enzyme activity (GOT,
GPT, ALP), serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, T.G,
LDL-C, VLDL-C, total lipid, total protein, albumin, globulin and
bilirubin compared with control positive group. Also 5% extruded
rice bran showed the best effect in increasing serum HDL compared
with the control positive group.
The second best results were obtained by the group fed on
basal diet supplemented with 5% heated rice bran (HRB). The least
effect was obtained from the group fed on basal diet supplemented
with 5% raw rice bran (RRB).
* Hypercholesterolemic groups:
Among all experimental groups, the group fed on
hyperchlesterolemic diet supplemented with 5% rice bran (ERB)
showed the best effect in reducing the blood glucose level, serum
enzyme activity (GOT, GPT, ALP), serum creatinine, urea, uric acid,
cholesterol, T.G, LDL-C, VLDL-C, total lipid, total protein,
albumin, globulin and bilirubin compared with control positive
group. Also, adding 5% extruded rice bran showed the best effect in
increasing serum HDL compared with the control (+) group.
The second best results were obtained by the group fed on
basal diet supplemented with 5% heated rice bran (HRB). The least
effect was obtained from the group fed on basal diet supplemented
with 5% raw rice bran (RRB).
Histopathology:
Histopathological studies of the hearts showed that there were
no or minimal changes. Studies of the livers revealed some changes
ranged from hepaticyte degeneration to congestion of central veins
and hepatic sinusoids. Studies of the kidneys revealed minimal
histopathological changes.