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Abstract
The study of various forms of DNA damage in human sperm has amuch longer history, although it is well known that the extent of sperm DNA damage is closely related to sperm function and male infertility Aitken, 1999; Sakkas et al.,1999), the origin of such DNA damage in mature sperm is still largely controversial. Three hypotheses have been postulated to explain the source of DNA damage in sperm. The first theory, it is believed that sperm DNA damage is caused by improper packaging and ligation during sperm maturation (Sailer et al., 1995). The second theory, oxidative stress (elevated level reactive oxygen species or diminished antioxidant defense mechanism) causes DNA damage (Lopes et al., 1998 ; Aitken, 1999; Shen and Ong, 2000). And the third theory,observed sperm DNA fragmentation is caused by apoptosis (Sakkas et al., 1999).The aim of this study was to study the percentage and the nature of DNA damage of the ejaculated human sperm by using gel electrophoresis in fertile men and different categories of male infertility to determine the total genomic damage because it is considered techniqually straight forward method and can be suitable for routine measurement of DNA damage in ejaculated human sperms (Zini and Sigman, 2009)This study was carried out on 80 males, their aged ranged from 19-50 ys., and they were classified into 5 groups: Fertile group included 30 fertile males which is sub grouped into 10 non-smoking fertile males, 10 light-smoking fertile males and 10 heavy-smoking fertile males.And infertile groups included: Varicocele infertile group (10 nonsmoking varicocele infertile males), Pyospermic infertile group (10 nonsmoking pyospermic infertile males), Idiopathic oligozoospermic group (10 non-smoking idiopathic oligozoospermic infertile males) and Smoking infertile group (20 smoking infertile males which classified into 10 light-smoking infertile males and 10 heavy-smoking infertile males).In the current study, there were highly significant increased mean ages of fertile & infertile males associated with abnormal DNA (severe necrosis and apoptotic changes), so, age showed a positive correlation with DNA damage among studied groups.The results of current study showed that there was no significant correlation between DNA changes and semen parameters, also there was no significant difference between fertile and infertile groups regarding DNA & RNA changes.