الفهرس 
مقدمةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
As agriculture turns to be an industry, the importance of the
supporting agricultural services arose in both developed and under
developing countries.
Hence, a deep need emerged to develop rural societies and
modernize its individuals through directed or pre-planed developing
programs that initiated by agricultural extension among other different
governmental institutions.
The role of agricultural extension in the ARE is vital for it helps to
overcome development constraints by identifying field problems to
research system, bringing back applicable solutions as well as taking
over the process of farmers persuasion including the change of their
knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices using a wide variety of
extension methods.
Group contact methods including General Extension Meetings,
Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings
are of the most used agricultural extension methods in ARE because they
cope with the nature of Egyptian farmers as the target audience. The
importance of using these three methods leaned - practically - on some
results of a few studies aimed at identifyingthese methods’ impact on
farmers. Yet, these results was not sufficient to determine the relative
effect of each method separately or a mix of them to maintain behavioral
changes.
Accordingly, it is essential to fulfillthis gap of knowledge through a
study uses the experimental method to measure the effect of these
contact methods and its combinations on the knowledge and attitudes of
Cotton Growers which is not covered by the pervious studies.
Sequentially, this study is designed to : 1 - Identifying Cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge of bio-control
according to their different exposure to the group extension methods
used, which are :
a - General Extension Meetings.
b - Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Result Demonstration Meetings.
d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings.
f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings.
h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and
Result Demonstration Meetings.
2 - Identifying Cotton Growers’ How to knowledge of bio-control
according to their different exposure to the group extension methods
used, which are :
a - General Extension Meetings.
b - Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Result Demonstration Meetings.
d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings.
f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings.
h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and
Result Demonstration Meetings.
3 - Identifying Cotton Growers’ attitudes toward Integrated best -control
according to their different exposure to the group extension methods
used, which are:
a - General Extension Meetings.
b - Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Result Demonstration Meetings.
d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings.
f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings.
h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and
Result Demonstration Meetings.
4 - Define the difference between the effect of the seven studied methids
treatments combinations studied on Cotton Growers’ of bio-control.
The treatments are :
a - General Extension Meetings.
b - Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Result Demonstration Meetings.
d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings.
f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings.
11 - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and
Result Demonstration Meetings.
5 - Define the difference between the effect of the seven treatments
studied on Cotton Growers’ Awareness Knowledge and How To
Knowledge of bio-control. The treatments are :
a - General Extension Meetings.
b - Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Result Demonstration Meetings.
d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings.
f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings.
h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and
Result Demonstration Meetings.
6 - Define the difference between the effect of the seven combinations
studied on Cotton Growers’ attitudes toward bio-control. The
treatments are :
a - General Extension Meetings.
b - Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Result Demonstration Meetings.
d - General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
e - Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings.
f - General Extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings.
h - General Extension Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings and
Result Demonstration Meetings.
This study took place in Banha district, Qualubia Governorate.
Seven villages were chosen randomly among the 43 villages ofBanha
district considering a suitable distance between villages to avoid any
interference between the treatments’ effects. The seven villages were:
Sheblinga that have 794 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 552
feddans, Marsaffa that have 477 cotton Growers, with a total land holds
of 373 feddans, Derrunlo that have 221 cotton Growers, with a total land
holds of 183 feddans, Kafr EI-Gazzar that have 186 cotton Growers,
with a total land holds of 112 feddans, Meet Assem that have 186 cotton
Growers, with a total land holds of 100 feddans, EI-Shamout that have
187 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 134 feddans, Narsees that
have 150 cotton Growers, with a total land holds of 83 feddans.
A random sample of 30 cotton Growers was drawn form
Landholders’ Files in the seven villages’ Agric. corporations with a total
of 210 cotton Growers during 1993 agricultural season. It was
considered that the interviewees did not grow cotton in the previous
season and haven’t heard about bio-control or integrated pest control in
cotton.
An experiment was designed using the experimental methodology
to determine the effect of the studied three group teaching methods
studied and their combinations and the difference between these effects
on cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge, how to knowledge and their
attitudes toward integrated pest control. The design included seven
treatments experimented in the seven villages. Three treatments implied
group extension methods one at a time which are : General extension
Meetings in El-Shamout village, Process Demonstration Meetings in
Meet El-Assem, and Result Demonstration Meetings in Narsees village.
Each of the other four treatments applied a combination of the three
methods mentioned above as follows : General extension Meetings and
Process Demonstration Meetings in Kafr EI-Gazzar village, General
extension Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings in Denunlo,
Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration Meetings in
Marsaffa village, and General extension Meetings, Process
Demonstration Meetings, and Result Demonstration Meetings in
Sbeblenda village.
The data were collected by interviewing farmers using a pre-tested
questionnaire. The questionnaire contained the questions, indicators and
scales to test cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge ,how to knowledge
about bio-control and their attitudes toward integrated pest control. After
estimating the farmers’ degree of response to the test, the data were
analyzed using: analysis of variance (F test), Duncan’s Multiple-range
measurements to test the significance of differences between the average
degree of cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge, how to knowledge
about bio-control and their attitudes toward integrated pest control for
the seven treatments studied. The arithmetic mean was also used to
calculate the degree of cotton Growers’ awareness knowledge. how to
knowledge about bio-control and their attitudes toward integrated pest
control.
The results reached were as follows :
1 _ Cotton Growers achieved a high degree of information concerning
awareness knowledge and how to knowledge about bio-control in the
seven treatments for all recommendations.2 _ Most interviewees’ attitudes in the seven treatments were highly
favorable except for the treatments of General extension Meetings and
Process Demonstration Meetings in which their attitudes were
favorable.
3 _ The most effective method of the three group methods studied was
Result Demonstration Meetings alone that affected interviewees’
awareness knowledge and how to knowledge when used alone.
4 _ General extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings
were the lowest among the seven treatments studied to affect
interviewees’ awareness knowledge and how to knowledge.
5 _ The double and triple combinations did not surpass the single
methods to affect interviewees’ awareness knowledge and how to
knowledge, except:
_ All treatments surpassed General extension Meetings.
_ The triple combination and Process Demonstration Meetings & Result
Demonstration Meetings treatment surpassed Process Demonstration
Meetings.
6 _ The treatments that applied single method were the least treatments
of the seven studied to affect interviewees’ attitudes, and this means
that either one of them is an equivalent when needing to format or
change farmers attitudes, as no significant difference among their
effect was found on attitudes’ formation or changing.
7 _ The double combinations of General Extension Meetings & Process
Demonstration Meetings, Process Demonstration Meetings & Result
Demonstration Meetings and General Extension Meetings & Result
Demonstration Meetings surpassed General Extension Meetings when
used alone to affect interviewees’ attitudes, while neither of them
surpassed Process Demonstration Meetings and Result Demonstration
Meetings except that the treatment of Process Demonstration
Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings surpassed the treatment
of Process Demonstration Meetings.
8 - The triple combination treatment surpassed the single treatments of
General Extension Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings,
Result Demonstration Meetings to affect interviewees’ attitudes.
9 - The double and triple combination treatments hadn’t surpassed each
other to affect interviewees’ attitudes toward integrated pest control in
cotton.
The applicable results of the study can be summarized as follows :
1 - The planers and executives of extension programs that aim to
communicate awareness knowledge or how to knowledge to cotton
Growers in the studied area might consider the following:
a - Both kinds of knowledge about bio-control in cotton showed that
most studied information are still considered knowledge educational
needs in the studied area specially that with the lower or above
average degree of knowledge, which is considered educational
opportunities that can be used in future.b - The necessity of developing cotton Growers attitudes toward
integrated pest control in the studied villages and showed unfavorable
attitudes of cotton Growers specially when General Extension
Meetings and Process Demonstration Meetings.
c - Using Result Demonstration Meetings alone or the combination of
Process Demonstration Meetings & Result Demonstration Meetings
or the triple combination when aiming to communicate awareness
knowledge or how to knowledge.
d - Using either of the three group methods or their combinations studied
as equivalent when aiming to format or change farmers attitudes
toward integrated pest control in the order of: the triple combination,
the double combination specially Process Demonstration Meetings &
Result Demonstration Meetings, and the single methods of Process
Demonstration Meetings or Result Demonstration Meetings
sequentially.
2 - A future research is needed in the area of extension methods and aids
to study the single or accumulative method effect on farmers
knowledge, skills and attitudes in different areas and educational
situations that is not covered in this study.