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المستخلص A Study of Variables Affecting Farmers Using a New Agricultural Mechanization in Qualyoubia Governorate By LAlLA MOHAMED DESOUKY EL-HABBAA SUMMARY Egyptian agriculture witnessed lately deep changes and a wide development as a result of the raising demand on its products whether for domestic market or exportation. While Egypt was selfsufficient regarding most food demand, at the beginning of the 80.5 Egypt faced unprecedented food gap that grew wider because of over population, changing consumption style and the migration of agricultural hand labor to the Arab countries, which was accompanied by a high raise in the agricultural processes prices. These reasons dictated that all possible ways to be followed to raise the agricultural productivity through vertical or horizontal expansion or both and mobilize the Egyptian agriculture from the traditional style to the more modernized one through developmental programs. One of the main programs in this concern was Agricultural mechanization which means per forming Agricultural processes by means of mechanical devises that depend on mechanical po~er in operation to produce agricultural products. Machinery stations (MS) are considered central bases in all governorates responsible for diffusing the technology of agricultural mechanization to meet the . surrounding area needs. Agricultural Extension have a vital and important role in this field to playas being capable of reaching early adopters of farmers, and identify the proper Agricultural Machinery (AM) needed. Another role is to disseminate AMS. Recommendations among farmers through demanetratons extension meetings and technical bulletins, as well as feeding back farmers problems when using such machinery . Typical use of AM diffusion needs to focus on general and speafied extension program’s that centered around target audience needs and concerns. Such diffusion encounters many barriers that can be classified from the extension point of view to: problems that can be solved through education directly farmers lack of information about the ideal use of machines and the low educational and training levels of farmers of using machines. In addition, several MSs do not achieve their target annual plans as their machinery are under-used. Hence, this study was conducted to identify the variables affecting farmers use of modem AM in Qualubia governorate in the villages that their MSs achieved the targeted plan, and the villages that their MSs did not achieve the plan through identifying the level of farmers use of modem AM in the two study areas, determine the variables affections AM usage and its contribution in explaining the variance of that usage, identify the barriers facing farmers in using AM, and identify their suggestions to overcome these barriers and what extension services can inherence the correct usage of AM . The study objectives were: 1- Identify the level of farmer’s usage of modem AM in each of: a- The villages that their MS achieved there target plan. 2 b- The villages that their MS did not achieve their target plan . 2- Define the differences between farmers usage of AM in the two study areas. 3- Determine the relationship between the degree of farmers usage of modem AM in both target areas, and each of the independent personal, social, communicational and situational variables. 4- Define the contribution ratio of some independent variables significantly correlated to formers usage of modem AM, in explaining the variance in that usage in both study areas. 5- Identify the barriers facing farmers in nisus AM in both study areas. 6- Identify farmers suggestions to solve their problems of using AM in both study areas. 7- Identify extension services delivered by extension system in the field of using modem AM. The study took place in two villages in Qualubia governorate. Two systematic random samples were drown, the first rated to 64 fanners of Omaha village as its MS did not achieve its targeted plan . Data were collected in the last three months of 1998 by interviewing respondents using a pre-tested questionnaire. Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, step wise, 2 test, percentages, means and standard deviation were used to analyze data statistically. II- main study results can be summarized as. 1-The level offarmers usage of AM in both the study villages were relatively tow. The usage level in the non achieving” plan Ms village was even lower than the achieved plan AS village as it rated to 32.81%and 40.690.4 respectively. 3 2- Significant differences were detected between farmers usage degree of modern AM: both the study areas. 3- The degree of formers usage of modern AM in both the study areas was correlated positively and significantly at 0.01 and 0.05 with each of the Rollowing variables. In the village that its MS achieved the plan, Field crops land size participation degree of formal organizations, fruit land size, attitnte degree towards modern AM, the holding degree of farm work animal, the degree of exposure to some mass media sources, and the degree cosmopolitans . Step Wise results revealed that field crops land size and the degree of participation in formal organizations contributed signi Ricanlly in explaining the total vavieuce of the degree of formers usage of modem AM, as they contributed by 39% and 6.6% of the total variance sequentially in a total of 45.9% in the other village, fruit land size and the degree of fanners attitude towards modem AM contributed significantly in explaining the total variance in the degree of fanners usage of modern AM as they contributed by 20.3% and 4.9% in explaining the total variance sequentially . 4- The results revealed that there were ten reasons behind the underusage of Am by farmers in each of the study areas . In the village that its MS achieved the plan, the reasons were: the small landholding size (85.9010), availability of hand labor (70.3%), high costs of AM use (42.2%), low experience with AM (39.1%), having traditional tools (34.4%) having work animals (29.7%), urn satisfaction of the available AM (26.6), urn availability 4 ~~~~~~------------------ of the required of AM in the area (20.3%), urn availability of AM in the MS (14.1%) and unworkable condition of AM in the MS (6.3%). In the village that did not achieve the plan of the MS, the reasons were: high costs of AM usage (75.6%), um availability of AM in the MS (67.40/0),small landholding size (62.80/0),availability of handlebar in the area (45.40/0),under experience with AM (37.2%) unworkable condition of AM in the MS (27.9%), urn availability of AM in the area (25.6%), urn satisfaction of the AM (25.6%), having traditional tools (20.9%) and having work animal (15.6%). 5- There were 6 extension services being delivered in the villages that its MS achieved the plan mentioned ranging between 51.6% and 20.3% . The main three were: helping specialized meetings about AM, distribnliug bulletins and magazines of He AM, and teaching farmers how to use AM . In the other village , extension services were rather poor as farmer mentioned it kinds of services delivered ranging between 25.5% and 5.8% . in which teaching farmers how to use AM came first followed by making farmers aware about using AM for the existing crop . 6- Five barriers were detected limiting AM diffusion in the villages that its MS achieved the target plan. The main three were: landholding fragmentation (81.3%) AM do not watch work animals (53.1%), and unsuitable roads for AM (46.9010). In the other village there were also 6 reasons in which the high costs of AM come first (90.7%), followed by in sufficient AM number (74.4%) and landholding fragmentation (73.3%) . 5 7- Farmers proposed 20 suggestion regarding AM usage in the village that its MS achieved the plan in which road maintenance come firs (68.8%) . In the other village 15 suggestions were mentioned by farmers ranging between 19.90/0 and 17.4% In which reducing AM usage costs ranked first. Applicable recommendations of this study can be summarized as follows: 1-The planners and executives of the central Administration of Extension and Environment (CAEE) shoed take into consideration making farmers aware about all modem AMs and the related in formation about its usage. 2- Pubic extension should have a clear role in diffusing modern AM specially those Hat still need to be diffused and convince farmers about their use . 3- Planners and executives of the CAEE should be aware of the variables revealed by the study and affecting AM usage whether positivily or nigativily . 4- Future studies should take advantage of studying the variables that this study did not handled and can explain the variance in farmers usage of AM in the study area and the like. 5- It is recommended that extension meetings and distributing bulletins and magazines to be followed by extension as they appeared to enhance farmer usage of modem AM . 6 |