الفهرس 
الباب الثانىيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
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Rice is a major food and export crop Being a cash crop, the state is
keen to enhance rice exports through contriving new high yielding varieties
under the existing water constrant . After the elimintation of compulsory
procurement, rice has become more profitable. The study has the objectives
of identifying: production constraints, level of production factors efficiency
and the significance of producing high yielding varieties.
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The study contains four main chapters . The first chapter includes the introduction
, problem of the study and review of previous relevant studies on
the crop. The second chapter highlights the rice crop indicating that it is a
summer crop concentrated in six governorates in lower Egypt. Reviewing
the governorates of concentration reveals that in trerns of rice average. Dakahlia
comes on top 782.4 thousand feddans as an annual average over
1980 - 1994 (equivalent 27.9 ’7c of total rice area) . With respect to production
. the governorate achieved 298.26 thousand tons (28 .48 % total rice
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area) at a yield rate of 2.55 ton I f.
Kafr El Sheikh comes in the second place as rice area was 229.47 thousand f .
( 21.92 Ck of total rice area) at yield I of 2.75 ton If.
Behaira occupies the third place with an area averaged at 173thousand feddans
The study covers the period prior and post economic liberalization programs.
After the implementation of economic reforms . rice area increased by
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80.91 thousand f. a year and productivity increased by 11 ton / f. .Before
the application of reform packages ~production declined by 110.23 thou- s
sand tons . Rice area of Dakahlia , for example , decreased by 3.20 thousand
f. before reforms and increased by 25.54 thousand f. aftar reforms.
Over] 980 - 1988 , Productivity decreased at a rate of 0.02 ton / f. .but it increased
at 0.15 ton / f . over 1989 - 1994 .
Likewise , production increased by 127.63 thousand tons after reforms and
decreased by 10.73 thousand tons before reforms.
Kafr El Sheikh also was influenced by reforms as area, productivity and production
have increased by 6 thousand f. 0.18 ton / f . and 62.69 thousand
tons respectively. compared with 2.23 thousand f. ,0.003 ton / f and O.I8
thousand tons respectively prior refrom packages application” Behaira ’s
rice area decreaed at 1.7 thousand f. before reforms . Productivity in Behaira
has been increasing before and after reforms. But the rate of increase
after reforms is obviously higher (0.03 ton / f . ) than that of before reforms
( 0.007 ton / f. )
The trend of productivity in Behaira applies also on production as it increased
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at 2.26 thousand tons annually before reforms and 35.83 thousand tons annually
after reforms .
Area. productivity and production of Sharkia rice were also affected positive-
I.V by- reforms, Area rose to about 18.0r’} thousand f . annuallv- .
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Productivity rate of increase moved up from 0.02 toni f . a year to 0.09 ton / f.
a year. Production was an exception as it decreased from70.23 thousand
tons a year to 8.05 thousand tons a year. Gharbia also has been positively
affected by reforms. Before reforms, area decreased by 2.42 thousand f . a
year compared with an increase of 10.46 thousand f. a year after reforms,
production increased by 37.14 thousand tons a year. Sharkia occupied the
fourth place, with an area averaging 163 thousand f. and average production
44.46 thousand tons. But Gharbia took the fifth place as its area
reached 95.07 thousand f. a year and average production 290.04 thousand
tons and yield 3.02 ton / f .. Damietta came in the last place as its area was
54.53 thousand f. , average production 45.94 thousand tons an.d yield 2..64
1011/f .. Time trend equation of the rice crop at national level and governorates
of concentration for area, productivity and production was studied.
The time span of the study was divided into two terms. Prior reforms term
refers to 1980 - 1988 and post reforms term refers to 1989 - 1994 .
With respct to Daimetta , area was found to be relatively unchangeable.
However. area after reforms increased at a higher rate 0.83 thousand f. a
years compared with 0.55 before reform application . Production also in-
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cresed at a rate of 7.63 thousand tons a year. Trend evolution of some varieties
( Giza )7) . Gaza 11’2 ) was studied. Also. Giza 176 as a new high
yield variety was also put under study.
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Eventually. chapter two reached a conclusion that economic liberalization is
the major reason behind increased production , as farmer is no longer restricted
with respect to production decision making.
Chapter three gave the description of examined sample in Dakahlia and definied
methodology of statistical data collection and sample selection.
The chapter also studied production of common varities amd handled relationships
between inputs & outputs. Production functions of Giza 172 &
Giza 176 were also estimated _By means of simple stratifeed randum sampiing.
selected holders belonged to Mansoura & Belkas distrids. 27 holders
from Meet Garrah , 15 from Meet fatek , 50 from Nashra village and 40
from East Balkas constituted the examined sample.
Rice acreaa~e was divided into four catez~ories in terms of size.
Cateu..o. rv.- were less than a feddan, I - 3 feddans . 3 - 5 f.. and over 5 feddans -
Holding was also classified by 172 & 176 varieties This chapter has also
focussed on economic efficiency topic . Results show that all rice holding
categories have responded differently to changes in production factors
namely seed. Pesticide. azotic fertilizer. phosphate fertilizer. mechanized
labour hours. draft & human labour. Amount of seed. pesticides. mechanized
labour hours. phosphetous fertitizer were of positive response -
Increasing the units of four factors led to increasing the crop by 0.67 c;;. .
0.076 Cf(- • 0.00-+ and 0.090 ton / f . respectively. The seed factor proved to
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be statistically significant ( 0.67 % ) . With regard to category ( I to 3f. ),
more effective factors were amount of phosphatous fertitizer and labour
hours . An increase of one unit in the two factors yielded an increase of
0.044 and 0.011 ton respectively. Major affecting factors on holding category
( 3 to 5f. a were phosphatous fertilizer and draft labour. Each unit increased
in the two factors led to an increase of 0.016 and 0.24 ton respectively
. Major production factors affecting the last holding category ( over 5
f. ) was phosphatous fertilizer, which yielded 40 kg , against each phosphate
unit added. Results also concluded that Giza 176 is more efficient
than 172, from the production factors efficiency perspective . Average of
production for the variety 176 was 3.13 ton/f. compared with 2.75 tonlf. for
variety 172 .
Therefore. high yielding varieties are strongly recommended to get more production
from the Same area.
The fourth chapter tackled cost of production of total sample and Giza 172 &
Giza 176 . It indicated that the lowest cost level of sample amounted to
L.E. 697.83 for less than a feddan category .
The highest cost was the category of over than 5 feddans as it amounted to
L.E. 825 . Total cost for total sample reached approximately L.E. 705 .O~ .
The category ( over 5 f. ) achieved the highst rate of returns per feddan L.E.
795 .X6 But the lowest return I f. amounting to L E. 577 56 was belonging
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to the category ( 1 - 3 f. ). Likewise,estimation of cost If . for each holding
category revealed that the lowest level L . E 288.8 belonged to the holding
category ( Less than one feddan ) . Whereas, the highst cost per ton L . E
267.85 belonged to the holding category ( 1 to less 3 f. ) .
Stydying cost of production of Gize 172 & Giza 176 revealed that total cost
per feddan amounted to L . e 735.76 and 670 .39 respectively. Likewise,
total cost for holding category ( over 5 Feddans ) reached L . E. 825.18 and
811.76 for Giza 172 & Giza 176 respectively Total cost for total sample of
the two varieties Giza 172 & Giza 176 amounted to L.B. 222.39 & 654.6
respectively .assuring that new varieties are less costly. It was also found
out that Giza ]76 was pest resistant and it needs less cost for control purposes.
Consequently. giza 176 has given higher net return than Giza] 1’2 .
Net return of the first holding category reached L.E. 406.19 for Giza] 1’2
and L.E. 445.80 for Giza 172 and L.B. 471.79 for ]76 . Net return of the
second holding category was L.E. 445.80 for Giza 172 and L.E 687.68 for
Giza] 76 . Net return of Giza 172 was L.B. 908.46 per feddan for the category
over 5 feddan.
The study also revealed that the holding capacity is directly proportional with
returns . Based on cost of production estimates of the sample as well as of
Giza 172 & Giza 176 . The optimum size that gives the highest returns and
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needs lowest cost has been identified _The highest return of sample yielded
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I feddan . L.E. 0.44 for 1 - 3 feddans and L.E. 0.85 for the holding category ,I
f over 5 feddans . As per Giza 176, it achieved L.E. 0.70 , L.E. 0.93 , 1.] 3
f and L.E. 1.12 for the four holding categories respectively. ,
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1 ! • The major conclusion reached by this study is that rice crop is one of the rna- :
I • f jor crops that gives high returns. Achievement of more efficiency in func- I
fI tionning factors of production and contrivance of new varieties as well as ,’I
i adoption of efficient extension service can collectively raise rice returns as !
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a cash crop. f•
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from Giza 176 assuring that new varieties usually give higher productivity.
Profitability per feddan and return per L.E of total sample were also investigated.
Return per L.E . of total costs for various holding categories reached
an average of L.E 0.68 . Categories of less than one feddan • I - 3 feddans ,
3 - 5 f. and over 5.00 feddans achieved L.E. 0.77 • 0.98 and 0.96 L.B. respectively
as return per L.E ..
Return per L.E of Giza 172 for total cost amounted to L.E. 0.58 for less than a
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