الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Wheat is Consider an Important Strategic Crops in both Local and world as it is the Main Essential Source of feeding the most People in the World.
The Problem is there is a Wheat GOP has Increased Continuously Due the Consumed Quantity is more than the Production quantity, it Leads to the Increase of wheat Imports and Cost more and the Burden • of the Egyptian Trade Balance.
The Objective of the Study is to acquaint the Effect of Economic Liberalization Policy of Both Production and marketing, Marketing Channls, Low of Losses and Fill the Wheat. Food Gob. Besides, Find out Both Production and Marketing Problems to give the Suitable Reconunendation to solve them.
The study depends on Both Published and Unpublished secondary data from different places Related to the production, Area, Import and Prices and Primary Data, Field Data Gathering By Questionnaire from of four Villages: Met. kanana, Moshtohor, Mersofa and Shplinga in Kaluobia Governorate. These Village are Chosen from Tokh and Banha District.
The. Sample Size Amounted 227 Farmers are chosen Randomly. The Study Used some Statistical Analysis
Summary
Methods Such as Both Simple and multi Regression, and Significance Test and Correlation matrix.
The Study consists of five Chapters. The first Chapter deals with the literature and Previous Study Interested in Production Economics and Marketing of Wheat. It Indicated that, the Important Variable officiated the Cultivated area is the Price of Wheat,while the Main Variable Affected the Costs are Both Labor Element and Chemical Fertilizer .
It is also Noticed that, the small farmer Usually using the free Marketing According to the high Costs, and the main Problem of wheat Marketing is the Increase Losses Resulted from the Deficiency of Public Sector Mills.
The second Chapter is studying the Current Situation of the Wheat Production • in Egypt. The first Section of the Chapter deals with the Effects of the Economic Liberalization Policy on the Are, Yield and Production of the Wheat. The Results Related to the Area Indicated that, it decreased With Annual Rote Represented 1.2% before Liberalization, then Increased by 4.4% after liberalization. More aver the yield Increased by 2% before liberalization. Besides, .the total Production increased by 0.003% and 5.6% before and after liberalization Respectively. This section Indicated also that, both the from gate, Costs of Production and the net Return of Feddan at current and fixed price
2 Summary
represented 6.5%, 16.3% and3.7% respectively before Liberalization and. Represented 2.4%, 1.7% and 6.04% respectively after Liberalization.. The Second section deals with the effects of economic Liberalization policy on the Supply Response of Wheat. in Egypt. It is Noticed that 57.1% of the Annual Changes in the. Cultivated Area of the Wheat Refer to the net Feddan of the Previous year of the maize before the Economic Liberalization Period (1975-1986). By using the Logarithm regression method (step-wise), it is indicated that 44.4% of the Annual Changes in the Cultivated Area Referees to: the ex-year net Feddan Revenue of the Cotton. But, after Liberalization it is Showed that, 90.1% of.the Annual Changes in the Cultivated Area Referes to the ex-year of the form price of the wheat’and Rice by the multi-linear Regression Method, :this Rate Represented 94.4% by using the.. Logarithm Regression Method (step-wise) to the. some Variables..
The. Chapter four, Reviews the Chose • of Sample, Rise and the places, then the classification and Identification of class. Rise of the Chosen Sample.
The chapter four deals with the Marketing of wheat in Egypt in two Sections. The first• section reviewed the Foreign Trade of Wheat. -It is indicated that, the total import of Wheat and Flour Amounted 3.9 and 1.2 million ton Valued
3 Summary
Amounted665 and 280 million-Dollar respectively During the Period (1975-1986). The Annual Increasing Rate for the import Quantities of Wheat and its Flour Represented 3.6% and 0.96% which the Values Represented 5.1% and 1% Respectively. After Economic Liberalization, the annual Increasing Rate of the Imported Quantities of Wheat and its Flour Represented 1.9% and 2% while their Value Rates Represented 1.3% and 2%. Respectively. It is also Noticed that the Annual increase rate of the prices Imported Wheat and its Flour are 3.5% and 7.4% Respectively before Liberalization, (1975-1986) The top Main Exports of Wheat to Egypt are U.S.A, Australia, France, Argentina and Turkey Respectively: during the Period (1995-2000) , The Study showed that the GATT agreement affected the Marketing of Wheat, It Load to increase the price of both Imported and Local Wheat to Encourage the Producers to increases the Cultivated Area. This Section reviewed also the effects of economic Liberalization policy of the local Marketing of the Wheat. It is indicated that the Local marketing was Under Government Control by using the Enclosure delving then free Delivery Until the Government declared some issue and Modifications to give the Private Sector the Role to Import the Wheat (Minister issue no 43/1993 and no 150/1996). Moreover, it is Indicated that, both Producer, Wholesale and
4 Summary
Retailsale prices were increased by Annual Rote
Represented 13.7% , 13.3% and 14.3% for the Wheat Respectively during (1975-1986) , while it become .7.3% , 7.2% and 6.5% Respectively during (1987-2000) . Mean while the marketing Margins increased by Annual Rate Represented 16.4% (Wholesale Price Produce Price), 18.9% (Retailsale - Wholesale) and 16.3% (Retailsale-Produce) Respectively before, liberalization become 10.9%,-6.2% and .6.4% Respectively for the some mentioned Channel price Respectively after, liberalization. Besides the agora of farmers and the. Middlemen Related to RetailSole Price were 74% and 26% before liberalization and 64% and 36% after liberalization Respectively.
The Chapter five, studying the Wheat Production and marketing in Kalyobia govern orate in two section. The first Section Deals With the Production Functions in the four Chosen Village. It is Noticed, that, in Meet Kanana Village, the Production Electricity of the. Wheat Imput is Positive and 1% change in both Seeds quantity, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Human Labor, Mechanization Labor Lead to Increasingly Positive change in the Quantity of Wheat Production represented 0.29%,.0.13%, 0.055% and 0.32% respectively. So, Increased the Wheat Production by0.93 ardab/feddan referes to the increase of production Imput by 1%.
5 Summary
Loncerning, Moshtohr Village, the Increase of Wheat Production by 0.83 ardab/ feddan Refer to the Increases of Production input by 1% . It is also Indicated that the Production Elasticity is posture and 1% change in seeds , Nitrogen Fertilizer, Human Labor, mechanical Labor lead to Increasingly Posture in the production of feddan lby 0.65% , 0.15% ,0.26% and 0.35% Respectively . Regards to mersofe village, it is Indicated that Increasing the Wheat Production about 0.8 ardab/ feddan Refer to Increase the Production Elasticity is Positive and 1% of seeds, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Human Labor, mechanical Labor lead to increase the Production of feddan by 0A6%, 0.20%, 0.05% and 0.45% Respectively . As Regard to, Shplinga a village, it is showed that, an Increases the Wheat Production By 0.93 ardab/ feddan, and the Production Elasticity is Positive and 1% Positive change in both seeds. Nitrogen Fertilizer, Human Labor, mechanical Labor lead to increasingly Positive Change in the Production of Wheat feddan by 0.41%, 0.18%, 0.05% and 0.45% Respectively .The EstimatiOn of the gross-Production Functions of the total sample Indicated that, the elasticity of Production is Positive ••and change Represented 1% both seeds, Nitrogen Fertilizer, Human Labor; mechanical Labor lead to increasingly Change of the Wheat Production by 0.48%, 0.23%, 0.14% and 0.36% Respectively
6 Summary
and the Increases and Production Quantity to 0,48 ardab/feddan Referes to increases the Production Inputs by 1% in Kalyobia govern orate . The third Section of this Chapter Deals with the Relative Importance of the Item of the Variable Production costs of Wheat feddan in the Studied Mentioned sample in Kalyobia govern orate in 1999,2000. Season. It is Ordered by of Tools, Labor wage, seeds Value, Staple Fertilizer Value, Chemical Fertilizer Value, Pesticide Value, Animal Casts. The production In The First, Second, Third And The Total Village class Holding Size Are Estimated By 19.04, 89.42,19.42 And 19A2 Ardab / Feddan Respectively. It -Is Also Indicated That, The masaimired Profit Size Amounted 20.06, 20.9, 20.17 And 20.13 Ardab / Feddan For The Above-mentioned Holding categories Size Respectively. It Is Ales Noticed That The Average Cast At. The Apical Production Size Were Estimated About 80.88, 88.56, .91.56.And 85.39 le /Ardab Respectively Regards To Moshtohr Village, The optimal Production Size Estimated By 20.3 , 18.5 , 19.03 , And 19,97 Ardab I Feddan For The Above Mentioned Same holding Categories Respectively while The Masaimzed Profit size Amounted 20.8 , 25.19 , 2037 Ardab / Feddan. At The same holding Categories Respectively . The Average Cost • per dab at the Optimal Production Rise Amounted 92.4, 94.3, 98.3 and 92.6
7 Summary
L E/ardab Respectively Lon wing Mersafa Village, the Optimal Production Rise Amounted 18.25„ 18.84 , 16.84 and 18.77 ardab/feddan While the Maximized Profit Rise 19.05 , 18.18 , 18.07 and 18.54 ardab/ feddan , Whereas the average Costs Estimates Amounted 92 , .9135 ,85 and 90.7 LE /ardab at the above Said mentioned Holding categories Respectively . The Estimation of the total sample of Kalyobia govern orate, the Optimal Production Rise Amounted 19.04, 18.34, 18.87 and 18.84 ardab/feddan. While the Maximized Profit Rise Amounted 19.47, 18.6, 19.09 and 19.18 ardab/feddan related to the Said mentioned Holding categories. This Section the Main Productive Problem which face the Producer in Kalyobia govern orate Such as, The High rate of Lobar wages, Bad seed, Harks and pests, the lock of irrigations Water, the Highly Land sent and Weather Fluctuations. Some stations are made such as introduce new Verities, Retreat the Land Rent, Provide the Pesticide, irrigations Water, Chemical Fertilizer and Agricultural Guides, and to rise the Price of Wheat ardab.
The Second Section Deals with the Marketing of Wheat in Kalyobia Govern orate.. The Estimation of Wheat Productive Efficiency represented 97%, 91.47%, 97.4% and 94.75%. for Meet Name, Moshtohr, Mersofa and shpilinga villages and the total Sample Respectively. It Noticed that,
8 mammary
the Problem and Difficulties in the Marketing Efficiency of the Wheat in Kalyobia Govern orate are cooperatives, wholesaler, the reservoirs of the principal Bank of: Credit and Agricultural Development. It is also Showed that, the Packages of Plastic issued more than the other package for its easy Available, Law price Although the Jute. Bags are more Suitable than the plastic one but high prices. The Important Problem one the Powerful of. the Sellers Against farmers, the low Price of Ardab, the long time of Payment of the sold Quantity, The lack of Packages. So, the Solutions are , Provide the Available. Transportation , the Cooperation Between the Cooperatives and the Farmers , Deal with
Cooperatives instead of Wholesalers and • rise the Marketing price of Wheat .
The recommendations of the study summer as the Following.
1.It is Necessary to put a Price Policy to Consumer
Lead to limit the High Unrational Consumption Per capita.
2.Using. the Modern: Techniques in both
Transportations Storage to limit the losses and Wastes.
3.The Optimal Use of Production Inputs.
9 Summary
4.Increase the Cultivated in the new Land (Horizontal Extension).
5.Introduce new Verities of wheat and give the suitable Instruction of their Advantages to the Farmers.
6.Improve the Relation Between the Farmers and the Employers of the cooperatives to Encourage them to Produce Suitable Production According to the Instructions Offering by cooperatives.
7.Decrease the Imported Quantities of Wheat Follower and Impart the Wheat Grain and Milling it Locally to Benefit the Bi-product of wheat and lowering the Import Costs.
8.Provide the Mechanization Stations (Centers) with the Tools and Mechanics to ours come the high wages of Workers.
9.It must be clean the Canals and provide the irrigation Water and Planning the Water level.
10.Using Alternation Such as Flower in the Bread Industry.