الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 195 |  |  |
| | | from | 195 | | |
Abstract
Honeybees ( Apis mellifera L. ) exposed and still to many diseases in Egypt during the last years, and under the beekeeping industry random, the honeybee colonies infested in mortal spot, whereas the honeybee brood was attacked by the two foulbrood diseases which are very ravenous bacterial diseases (AFB and EFB).
And due to complaints increment of the beekeepers from incidence of these diseases in their apiaries specially AFB disease, that problem was selected as a subject to the present study which performed during the period of September 2004 to October 2007, whereas inspection conducted to some of private and governmental apiaries for surveying infections percentages at Cairo, Giza, Qualubia, Menoufia, Dacahlia, Shargia and Faiume Governorates, also the laboratorial tests and experiments were conducted to all samples which were collected from the different apiaries in the microbial laboratory for examination of honeybee diseases which equipped by the National Project for Controlling of Honeybee Diseases and Pests in Plant Protection Dept., Fac. Agric. at Moshtohor, Benha Univ.
The works and obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1) Surveying the honeybee colonies which have been infested with American foulbrood (AFB) or European foulbrood (EFB) disease depending on the field observations to the clinical symptoms of both two diseases conformity with all researchers who worked previously on this point, but furthermore the field observations were confirmed in the laboratory by isolation of
the causative bacteria from all collected samples and by procedure of specific microbial tests on them.
2)The survey indicated that the total numbers of infected honeybee colonies with AFB disease in the apiaries which inspected during 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 seasons were highest in Qualubia Gov. followed by Faiume, then Giza, then Cairo, then Menoufia, then Shargia, and then Dacahlia Gov. while those infected with EFB disease were highest in Giza Gov. followed by Cairo, then Menoufia, and then Qualubia.
3)The survey showed that AFB symptoms can appear in the honeybee colonies at any time over the year but EFB disease somewhat appear An spring months only pursuant to the honeybee colony force.
4)Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causative bacterium of AFB disease was isolated and purged (first isolation in Egypt) on artificial specific medium (SBA medium) from each of the brood and honey which extracted from the taken brood combs as positive samples representing of 32 apiaries distributed in Cairo, Giza, Qualubia, Menoufia, Dacahlia, Shargia and Faiume Governorates.
5)Melissococcus pluton, the causative bacterium of EFB disease was isolated and purificated (first isolation in Egypt) on artificial specific medium (Bailey’s medium) from each of the brood and honey which extracted from the taken brood combs as positive samples representing only 6 apiaries distributed on Cairo, Giza, Qualubia and Menoufia Governorates.
6)The results obtained from counting Varroa destructor mites and from the bacterial isolation of them showed that no presence of direct relation between existence of Varroa mites in the
honeybee colonies and their infection by AFB or EFB disease, whereas the Varroa mites numbers were in the healthy colonies (without AFB or EFB symptoms) high and reached 752 and 850 individuals in some colonies and higher than those numbers in the infected colonies with the foulbrood diseases, on the other hand, it could not isolation of the bacterial pathogens from whether of Varroa mites which collected from the healthy colonies or from Varroa mites which exo-sterilized, while it could be isolated from Varroa mites which collected from only the diseased colonies with provided that did not sterilize of the
mites.
7) Application of 4 antibiotics and 8 natural materials at 10 concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5ml. or gm. (pursuant to therapeutic physique) /100m1. for inhibition of P. 1. larvae in the laboratory showed that 11 materials gave complete inhibition to this bacterium but by different MIC, whereas Cinnamon oil came in the first rang followed by Clove oil, Cinnamon, Clove, Peppermint oil, Zanzan fruits extract (1Fruits: 3Water), Primomycin, Tylosin, and then Neomycin, Erythrocin, Farozal liquid compound with MIC of 0.05m1., 0.lml., 0.15gm., 0.2gm., 0.25m1., 0.5ml., 0.75m1., 1.25m1. and 1.5m11100m1. medium respectively. Contrarily Peppermint powder did not succeed to inhibit P. 1. larvae at various used concentrations.
8) 53 diseased honeybee colonies with AFB disease are distributed on two apiaries and treated using some beekeeping procedures and other treatments such: Tylosin, Primomycin, Clove oil, Clove, Cinnamon oil, Cinnamon, Zanzan fruits extract, and Farozal liquid compound. by the same MICs which mentioned above about 6 times at 7 days interval. On the other hand, the shaking procedure of adult bees was done for 3 diseased
colonies, then treated with Clove in sugar syrup, addition to 3 colonies without any therapeutics as control.
9)Results of using the 8 treatments indicated that Cinnamon oil, Cinnamon and Clove oil are superior in hiding the foulbrood symptoms for a period reached to 117 days after last addition. Furthermore, the 3 colonies which shaked and treated with Clove in sugar syrup did not exhibit the foulbrood symptoms for longer period of about one year.
10)All the 8 treatments and the shaked experiment are significant in affecting the brood rearing activity during the experiment period from December 2006 to April 2007, but Cinnamon oil, Cinnamon and Clove oil are superiors, indicating high significance and gave averages of 271.9, 255.5, and 213.0 inch2 respectively as sealed brood area /colony by increase percentage equal to 538.6%, 500.1% and 400.3% respectively comparison with average of the Untreated colonies which equal to 42.6 inch2. Consequently, following recommendations for the beekeepers can be set:-
1)Using oil or powder of Cinnamon or Clove for controlling AFB and EFB diseases by addition of them to the Natural materials (sugar syrup or pollen substitute) at times of the honeybee feeding with the following dosages:
0.5ml. Cinnamon oil 1 kgm. pollen substitute
or 1.5gm. Cinnamon powder I Liter sugar syrup
lml. Clove oil I kgm. pollen substitute
or 2gm. Clove powder I Liter sugar syrup.
2)Wholly avoidance of using artificial antibiotics especially veterinary for therapeutics.