الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
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5- SUMMARY
The current study was carried out to investigate the
effect of seed pretreatments with certain soaking solutions
on salt tolerance of wheat plants.
Tested soil samples were taken out from the fields of
permenant experiments in the form of Agricultural Research
Center- Giza Governorate. Sea water sample was collected
from El- Madia No.6. Al- Esmailia Governorate and was
diluted with tap water having a final concentration of about
(5242) ppm for using in irrigation.
Six groups of soaking solutions are used. The first
group involved four growth regulators. i.e. Indole -3-
acetic acid (IAA). Indole -3- butyric acid (IBA). alpha-
Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA). The
second group involved three amino acids. namely, Proline.
Glutamic and Aspartic acids. The third group included the
chloride solutions of both sodium and magnesium while the
fourth group contained two solutions of potassium in either
form KH2P04 or KNO~. The fifth group involved sulphate
solutions of each Zn. Mn. Cu or Fe. Distilled water was the
sixth group of soaking solutions.
To fulfill the purpose of this study. two pot experiments
were conducted under the greenhouse conditions using
wheat seeds (Sakha- 8 varities).
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1- A preliminary experiment
Different concentrations of the studied soaking solutions
as well as different periods of soaking were investigated
to find out the most suitable concentrations of each
of the soaking solution along with the best period of
soaking.
The studied concentrations of the growth regulators
were 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm while the amino acids were
used in four concentrations, namely,S, 10, 15 and 20 ppm.
Concentrations of the chloride solutions were 1 ~, 2 ~, 3 ~
and 4~ ’I. whereas,
500, 1000, 2000
potassium solutions concentrations were
and 3000 ppm. Soaking of the previously
mentioned concentrations of the different soaking solutions
covered a period of either 12 or 24 hours. Concentrations of
sulpllate solutions of the micronutrients were 0.02 ’I.,0.03 ’I.,
0.04 ’I. and 0.05 ’I.. Soaking periods herein extended up to
either 6 or 12 hours.
Ano the r- set of wheat seeds were soaked in the distilled
water for either of 6, 12 or 24 hours along with untreated
seeds (which irrigated with tap water) were also tried.
Each pot fertilized with N, P and K at rates of 75.5
kg, 100 kg and 50 kg/ fed. in the form ammonium sulphate
(20.5 ’I.N), superphosphate (15.5 ~ P;aO.) and potassium sulphatE!
(48 ’I.K;aO), respectively. Each treatment was replicated
three times.
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Irrigation of the pots was conducted using a diluted
sea water and moisture content was maintained at 70 ~ of the
field capacity.
lected, dried
recorded.
After 45 days from sowing, plants were colat
70°C and the dry weight per pot was
2- Biological main experiment:
The most suitable concentration of soaking solutions
along with the best period of soaking were choosen from the
preliminary experiment. A complete randomized design was
used for this experiment. The N. P and K fertilization was
conducted at the same rates followed in the preliminary
experiment. The moisture content of each pot was maintained
at the field capacity using the same diluted sea water.
During the growing season of wheat plants, three randoreely
selected pots were taken from each treatment four
times, i.e. at IS, 45. 75 and 140 days after sowing.
Results of the conducted experiments could be summarized
in the following: -
A- The preliminary experiment
1- The best treatments which gave the most favourable
res.ponse for growth by wheat plants were seed soaking for 12
hour-s interval in solutions of 200 ppm (IAA). 300 ppm (IBA).
100 ppm (NAA). 300 ppm (GA). 5 ppm for all amino acids. 3 ’t
._~_._------------------- -_.---------
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NaCl. 2 ~ MgCla• 1000 ppm (KHaPO.•). 500 ppm (KNO~) and 0.03
% for each of micronutrients sulphate solutions.
2- Soaking seeds in distilled water resulted in no
response for plant growth. however. investigated period was
6. 12 and/or 24 hours as compared with untreated seeds.
B- Biological main experiment:
1- Plant height was significantly affected by the various
soaking solutions. The most favourable treatments were
NAA. NaC!. KNO~. ZnSO.•.and/or Aspartic acid.
2- Number of tillers were significantly affected by
the varIOUS soaking solutions and the most response when
seeds were soaked in solutions of NAA. MgCla• KN03• MnSO.•.
and/or Proline.
3- Dry matter weights of wheat plants were significantly
affected by the various soaking solutions during
various growth periods and the most favourable media after
140 days (straw yield) was CuSO.•.•Proline. KNOs• NaCI and/or
NAA.
4- Dry matter weight of wheat roots after 140 days of
sowing were significantly affected by the various soaking
solutions. The corresponding average values could be arranged
according the various soaking solutions:
NAA > Proline> CuSO.•.> KNOs > Aspartic > Glutamic > MnSO.•.>
KHaPO....--- lAA === ZnSO.•-•-.- IBA > NaC! === PeSO...> MgCla
=== GA > Distilled water.
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5- Root length was significantly affected by the
various soaking solutions at harvesting (140 days) and could
be arranged descendingly in the following order:
NAA > NaCI > KN03 > GA === MgCl2 > Proline> IBA > KH2P04 >
Aspe rt ic --- MnS04 ==::: CUUS04 ::::::= ZnS04 > IAA > FeS04 >
Glutamic> Distilled water.
6- Number of spikes of wheat plants at harvesting were
markedly influenced by the various soaking solutions and
could be arranged in the descending order :
CUS04 === Proline> MnS04 > FeS04 > Aspartic === IAA > IBA
--- ZnS04 > KN03 === Glutamic > NAA > NaCI > MgCl2 > KH2P04
> GA > Distilled water.
7- Significant difference was occurred between the
various soaking solutions on both weight of spikes and
number of wheat grains. The most favourable response of different
soaking solutions were IBA; Aspartic. Proline and/or
FeS04 on either weight of spikes or number of wheat grains.
8- Seed index (weight of 1000 grains) was significantlYaffected
by the various soaking solutions. results gave
generally a relatively less favourable and sometimes even
inhibiting effect of developed plants under saline conditions.
9- The effect of the various soaking solutions after
140 days from sowing at harvesting on the nutrients uptake
of straw yield Could be summarized as follow :
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A- Nitrogen was significantly influenced by IAA, NAA. GA.
Proline. Glutamic acid. NaC!. KN03t ZnSO .•.a.nd CuS04
•
B- Phosphorus was significantly affected by lAA, lEA, NAA,
NaCl, all the amino acids, potassium so!utions and all
the sulphate solutions of the micronutrients.
c- Potassium was significantly influenced by Proline, KN03
and ZnSO .••..
D- Zinc was significantly affected by IAA. NaC!. and PeSO .•...
E- All the various soaking pretreatments, except Proline was
insignificantly effect on manganese uptake.
F- All the studied soaking solutions was inf!uenced insignificantly
on copper uptake.
G- Iron was significantly affected by IBA, Proline.partic
acid. NaCl. KN03, 2nSO .••.M•nSO .••a.nd CuSO .•...
10-A- Nitrogen uptake of grain yield was significantly
affected by IAA, IBA, Proline, Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid,
NaCI, MgC13• ZnSO .••a.nd PeSO .•..h•owever. phosphorus uptake was
significantly affected by lAA, IBA, GA, Proline. Glutamic
acid. Aspartic acid. NaCI. MgCI3• KH3PO.....KN03
, 2nSO .••.•
MnSO .•,..CuSO .•.a.nd PeSO .•,..while. potassium uptake was affected
significantly by lAA, IBA. Proline. Glutamic acid. NaCI.
MgCI3• 2nSO .•,..eusa .••a.nd FeSO .•...
B- Protein yield in grains increased due to soaking
solutions and the highest increase was achieved upon soaking
in lAA and IHA, while the lowest value was achieved upon
using distilled water for soaking •
----._-~--------------------- ----.
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C- Concerning the effect of the soaking solutions on
the micronutrients uptake of grain yield, IAA. GA, Aapartic
acid and NaCI affected significantly zinc uptake. while
manganese uptake was significantly with all the studied
soaking solutions, except for KN03 treatment. whereas copper
uptake was markedly affected by the various soaking solutions.
Except for GA and MgCl2 solutions, seed pretreatments
revealed a pronounced responsed on iron uptake of grain
yield.
11- The mean net influxes of nitrogen and potassium
were highest at the first period of growth (15- 45) days and
decreased markedly particularly with potassium with development
of plant age up to (45- 75) days while at (75- 140)
days a slightly decrease occurred.
The mean net influx of phosphorus was increased up to
75 days and decreased relatively with advancement plant age,
up to 140 days after sowing due to salinity conditions.
12- Considering effect of the soaking solutions on the
mean net influxes of nitrogen. phosphorus and potassium at
the third period of growth (75- 140) days. it could be found
that :
A- Glutamic acid was the most effective on mean value
of N- influxes while NAA was the least. The other soaking
solutions could be arranged descendingly in the follOWing
order:
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IAA > GA > IBA > FeS04 > Proline > ~~03 > NaCl MgCl2 >
ZnS04 > CUS04 > KH2P04 > Aspartic acid> MnS04 .
B- lAA was the highest mean value of P- influxes,
whereas the lowest value occurred in plants whose seeds were
soaked in N~~ treatment. The corresponding average values of
P- influxes irrespective to the other seed soaking pretreatments
can be shown from the following descending order:
FeS04 > Glutamic acid> IBA > MnS04 > Proline > ZnS04 ::=
CUS04 > Aspartic acid > NaCl > GA === MgCl2 === KH2P04 >
KN03.
C- Aspartic acid showed the most pronounced affect on
mean net K-influx whereas the lowest mean potassium flow
rate existed in case of lAA seed soaking media. The other
soaking media are arranged descendingly as follows
CUS04 > GA > KH2P04 > Glutamic acid === MnS04 > IBA > NAA
--- NaCl === MgC12 > ZnS04 > Proline> KN03 === FeS04.
13- The mean net influxes of zinc. manganese. copper
and iron. generally. were highest during the first period of
wheat plants (15- 45) days and then decreased with development
of plant age up to 75 days after sowing. However. with
increasing plant age up to 140 days resulted in decreasing
the mean net of micronutrients influx. such decrease hold
sharply with both manganese and copper mean net influxes.
14- With respect to the effect of various seed soaking
pretreatments on the mean net of the studied micronutrients
influxes during the second period of growth (45- 75)
days. it could be found that mean net of Cu- influxes showed
that the highest mean values of Cu- influx with the various
groups of seed soaking pretreatments such as growth regulators
(GA), amino acids (Glutamic). chloride solutions (NaCl).
potassium solutions (KN2P04) and micronutrients sulphate
solutions (CUS04) followed a particular pattern about similar
to that obtained with mean net influxes of phosphorus,
manganese and iron during the same period.
15- Concerning the third period (75- 140) days after
sowing. it could be found that :
A- The highest mean value of net Zn- influx occurred
with plants whose seeds were soaked with IAA. whereas the
lowest mean value existed in case of Proline. The other seed
soaking media could be arranged in the following descending
order:
Glutamic acid === NaC! --- FeS04 > IBA === GA === Aspartic
acid === KN03 > KH2P04 > NAA === MnS04 > MgCl2 === ZnS04 ===
CUS04.
Also, it seemed to be the highest mean values of Zninflux
within each group of seed soaking pretreatments viz.,
growth regulators (IAA). amino acids (Glutamic), chloride
solutions (NaC!), potassium solutions (KN03) and micronutrients
sulphate solutions (FeS04) followed a particular
pattern about similar to that obtained with mean net
influxes of phosphorus during the mention period.
B- The mean values of Mn- influxes was varied widely
from seed soaking pretreatments in KH2P04 to Aspartic acid
as a soaking solution. The descending order of the other
soaking solutions are :
CUS04 > IBA > FeS04 > ZnS04 > GA > MnS04 > lAA > MgCl2 >
KNOs > Proline > NaCl > Glutamic acid> NAA.
C- The mean values of Cu- influxes was highest with
soaking in both IAA and Glutamic acid, whereas soaking in
CUS04 resulted in the lowest mean net Cu- influxes. The
other soaking solutions are arranged descendingly in the
following order:
FeS04 > Proline ::= MnS04 > IBA > Aspartic acid> ZnS04 >
KH2P04 > GA ==: NaCl > MgCl2 > KN03 > NAA .
D- The mean values of Fe- influxes was highest by
soaking in either Glutamic or Aspartic acids and the lowest
with soaking in NAA. The other soaking solutions are
arranged descendingly in the following order
IBA > Proline > KH2P04 > IAA > FeS04 > MnS04 > ZnS04 >
CUS04 > GA > KNOs > MgC12 > NaCI.
Several mechanisms seemed to be involved; these mechanisms
were suggested to be such as activation of the biochemical
processes in embryos, the influence on cell permeability,
phosphate accumulation in seeds or trace-elements such
as zinc. manganese. copper and/ or iron or/ and their
accompained cation/ anion in the soaking media.
~--- .-. ------
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According to that, a suggestion could be introduced
that soaking practice seemed to be more influential on grown
plants than factors dealing with environmental conditions of
saline soil. This was suggested to be a resultant of
influence of seed soaking on developed root system whose
contact with soil particles seemed to be more efficient than
with fertilizer to supply the plant with total needs of different
elements and these detected later in the developed
plants and grain yield.