الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current study aims at using remote sensing techniques to study land productivity evaluation of the area which located Kalubia Governorate which lies at the south eastern part of the Nile Delta, situated between longitudes 31° 05’ and 31° 25’ east ,and latitudes 30 07’ and 30 35’ north. The Governorate is right adjacent to the northern side of Cairo and has an area of approximately 224,000 feddans. The investigated area represents the southern part of the Governorate To realize the objectives of this study, the row data of Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images were manipulated and enhanced using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Through these images, an explanatory maps could be achieved. The mapping units then verified in the filed by the testing augers (272) for boundary accuracy among the different mapping units. Three sample areas were selected to represent the different mapping units, and then representative soil profiles were identified. Twenty soil profiles were dug to represent the different mapping units. The soil profiles were carefully described in situ .The morphological description was carefully noted. Soil as well as surface & ground water samples were collected for laboratory analyses. The soil analyses aimed at evaluating the physical and chemical properties.
The main results which obtained from conducting the current study could be summarized as follow:
Three landscapes could be identified 1- The flood plain, 2-Hummocky areas and 3-Hilly area.I) Flood plain consists mainly of the following landforms:-, decantation basins, overflow basins, recent river terraces, levee and swale.
Soil characteristics represented by physical and chemical properties could be summarized as follows:-
1-Soil texture differs from unit to another due to inherited geological formation, where the flood plain varies between clay, sandy clay, clay loam, silt clay loam, silt loam.
2-Calcium carbonate contents range between 0.10 and 4.16 %.
3-Organic matter contents vary from 0.05 and 2.37 %. The highest values are due to the continuous addition of organic matter as fertilizers.
4-Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) ranges between 18.17 and 60.50 cmole kg-i. The high values due to organic matter and clay content.
5-Exchangeable sodium percentage varies between 1.29 and 15.53.
6-Gypsum content varies between 0.0% and 3.2%.
7-Soil reaction (pH) value ranges between 8.0 and 8.2.
8-Total soluble salts content differs widely from location to another and has a wide range, as EC ranges between 0.6 and 5.0 dS/m.
2) Humocky area consists mainly of the following landforms:-, high hummocky area, moderate hummocky area and low hummocky area.Soil characteristics represented by physical and chemical properties could be summarized as follows:-
1-Soil texture differs from unit to another due to inherited geological formation, where it varies between sandy clay loam, sandy loam, loamy sand and sand.
2-Calcium carbonate contents range between 0.09 and 3.58%.
3-Organic matter contents vary from 0.03 and 1.98%. The highest values are due to the continuous addition of organic matter as fertilizers.
4-Cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranges between 2.45 and 20.41 cmole, kg . The high values due to organic matter and clay content.
5-Exchangeable sodium percentage varies between 3.37 and 40.82.
6-Gypsum content varies between 0.50% and 2.3%.
7-Soil reaction (pH) value ranges between 7 and 8.2.
8-Total soluble salts content differs widely from location to another and has a wide range, as EC ranges between 0.58 and 2.86 dS/m.
3) Hilly area: A well-defined natural elevation (A small heap, pile, or mound) smaller than a mountain. It may formed from rocks or unconsolidated materials.
Soil characteristics represented by physical and chemical properties could be summarized as follows:-
1- Soil texture differs from unit to another due to inherited geological formation, where the hilly area varies between sandy clay loam, sandy loam loamy sand.2-Calcium carbonate contents range between 0.20 and 1.16 %.
3-Organic matter contents vary from 0.69 to 1.38 %.
4-Cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) ranges between 10.57 and
21.34 cmole kg-1. The low values due to the low content of organic matter and clay content.
5-5-Exchangeable sodium percentage varies between 1.14 and 6.24.
6-Gypsum content varies between 0.50 % and 2 %.
7-Soil reaction (pH) value ranges between 7.8 and 8.2.
8-Total soluble salts content differs slightly from location to another, as EC ranges between 0.56 and 0.98 dS/m.
Surface water studies showed that, generally the total soluble salts as expressed by EC of the surface water ranges between 0.36 and 1.54 dS/m,
EC of ground water of the investigated area ranges between
1.2 and 3.54 dS/m. SAR of the surface water varies between 1.69 and 4.02, meanwhile its value of the ground water ranges between 3.71 and 4.28.
Soil classification
Based on the American Soil Taxonomy (1999). Two soil orders could be identified: Entisols and Aridisols which are represented by ten great groups. The soil sets of the mapping units are outlined as follows:Unit
Soil taxonomy
Soils of flood plain
Soils of decantation basins
Typic Haploargids
Soils of overflow basin
TypicHaploargids, Vertic Torrifluvents
Soils of recent river terraces
Typic Haploargids,Vertic Torrifluvents, and Typic Torrifluvents
Soils of levee
Typic Haploargids
Soils of swale
Typic Haploargids
Soils of hummocky area
TypicTorripsamments and Typic Psammaquents.
Soils of hilly area
Typic Torrifluvents.
Land evaluation
Land productivity evaluation was obtained by designing spatial models using GIS spatial analyst (designed productivity spatial model (DPSM)). There is eight parameters had been examined to determine soil productivity index they were (soil moisture (H), drainage (D), texture/structure (T), average of nutrients content (N), soluble salts content (S), organic matter (0), cation exchange capacity (A) and effective depth (P)).
Surface and ground water due to salinity and alkalinity hazards were classified as follows: Water of Canals that feed decantation basins is classified as C2-S1 and C3-S1, Water of Canals that feed overflow basins is classified as C2-S1, Water of Canals that feed recent river terraces is classified as C2-S 1 and C3- S I.
The ground water table is classified as follows: Ground water of levee is classified as C3 S I and Ground Water of hummocky area is classified as (C4 — Si).Soil productivity improvement:
Soil improvement program was suggested as a trial for overcoming limiting factors and the obstacles that facing soil productivity in the investigated area.