الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 126 |  |  |
| | | from | 126 | | |
Abstract
-As increasing the demand for water in Egypt, the
utilization of ground and well waters has become a logic and
important component of total water resources planning and
development. The waters of these resources are generally saline.
The objectives of this study were to; (I) monitor wells
water Quilty; determin the factors affecting that quilty, as well as
(II) evaluate wells water quality in an endeavor to increase the
agriculture production through the possible best utilization of a
particular well in each region.
To fulfill these objectives the following works were achieved:
1- The area of this study was divided into six regions; EI-Wady
Mesaad, EI-Tor EI-Korom, EI-Gebeel and Rass Raie. In each
region there are many wells covering it.
2- Water samples were monthly collected for two successive
years started in January 1994 till December 1995. Water
samples were chemically analyzed for, pH, Ee, soluble
cations and anions. Also, Boron and some tarce elements; Fe,
Mn, Zn and Cu, were analyzed in four months year; namely
January, February, July and August.
3- Monitoring water quality and studied the factors affecting it.
4- Well waters quality were classified according to the
international guides described by USSL, RUSSL, Indian and
FAO assess their suitability for the agriculture purposes.
-101-
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1- water characteristics and water classification:
a) The general pattern of salinity in the wells at different
regions of the studied area was as follows:
1- In EI-Wady region, there are three groups of salinity; the
first was represented by the wells No. 1,2,3,4 and 6 which
having EC values ranged between 1-3 dSm-t, the second was
represented by wells No.5 and 8 which having EC values
ranged between 3-6 dSm-t, and the third was covered by well
No.7, which having EC values above 6 dSm-1
; Generally,
well water in El-Wady region had salinity hazard according
to the international guides, in wells No. 1,2,3,4 and 6 having
(C3-C4), C2,C2 and moderate salinity problem is expected
according to USSL,RUSSL, Indian and FAO classification
respectively, wells No. 5,7 and 8 having Cs, C3, C4 and
severe salinity problems are expected according to USSL,
RUSSL Indian and FAO classification.
2- In Mesaad region there are tow salinity grades the first was
represented by well No. 11, having Be values ranged
between 4.47-5.80 dSm-1, and the second was represented by
wells No. 9 and 10, (BC values more than 6 dSm-1
).
Generally, well water in Mesaad region had salinity hazard
and classified as Cs, C3, Cs and severe salinity problems are
expected according to USSL, RUSSL Indian and FAO
classification respectively.
3- In EI-Tor region wells No. 13 and 14 had salinity ranged
between 2-3 dSm-J, whereas the well No. 12 had salinity
-102-
values around 4.94 dSm-1• Generally well water in EL- Tor
region was classified as C4, C3, C3 and severe salinity
problem is expected according to USSL, RUSSL, Indian and
FAD classification, respectively.
4- In El-Korom region, wells No. 16 and 17 had the grade of
salinity ranged between 2-3 dSm61
, and the wells No. 15 and
18 had EC values ranged between 3-6 dSm-1
• Generally, well
water in El-Korom region showed salinity hazard was
classified as, C4,C3,C3 and severe. salinity problem is
expected according to USSL , RUSSL, Indian and FAD
classification, respectively.
5- In El-Gebeel region; there are three grades of salinity; the
first was represented by the well No. 20 having EC values
ranged between 2.15 and 3.25 dSm-t, the second grade was
represented by wells No. 21 and 26 which having EC values
between 3-6 dSm-1 and the third contains wells No. (19, 22,
23, 24, 25, 27 and 28) having BC values more than 6 dSm-1
•
Generally, wells No. 20 and 21 possess salinity hazard
classified as C4, C2, C2 and moderate salinity problem is
expected, according to USSL RUSSL, Indian and FAO
classification, respectively wells No_ (19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27 and 28) had salinity hazard and classified as, CS,C3,C4
and severe salinity problem is predicted according to USSL,
RUSSL, Indian and FAO classification, respectively.
6- In Rass Raiea region, all wells in the third grade their Be
values were more than 6 dSm·’. Generally well water salinity
hazard classified as Cs, C3• Cs and severe salinity problem,
-103-
according to USSL, RUSSL, Indian and FAO classification,
respectively.
b) Alkalinity or sodicity hazard:
The general pattern of sodicity in the wells in different regions of
the studied area was as follows:
1- It was noticed that in EL-Wady regron the values of the
adj.SAR were relatively low in the wells No.1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
where the adj.SAR ranged between 4.35 and 13.40, but wells
No.5, 7 and 8 had the highest values of the adj.SAR ranged
between 14.84 and 37.61. Generally, wells water No. 1,2,3,4
and 6 had sodicity hazard and were classified as, Sh A1-A2
and problems are not expected according to USSL, Indian
and FAO classification, respectively. Wells No.5, 7 and 8
showed sodicity hazard were classified as 82, A3 and severe
problem toxicity is expected according to U8SL, Indian and
FAO classification, respectively.
2- Also, it was noticed that in Mesaad region, well No. 10 had
the highest values of the adj.SAR ranged between 28.9 and
52.0, but wells No. 9 and 11 had the lowest values of the
adj.SAR where they ranged between 14.06 and 31.36.
Generally, well water in Mesaad region had sodicity hazard
effect according to the international guides of water quality.
It was classified as, 82, A3 and severe problem ofNa toxicity
IS expected according to US8L, Indian and FAO
classification, respectively.
-104-
3- In EI- Tor region, well No. 12 had the highest values of
adj.SAR ranging between 17.59 to 25.10, but wells No. 13
and 14 had the relatively lowest values of the adj.SAR ranged
between 7.37 to 15.94. Generally, well water in this region
showed sodicity hazard effect In according to the
international guides of water quality described as, S1, A2 and
severe problem toxicity is expected according to USSL,
Indian and FAO classification, respectively.
4- In EL-Korom region, well No. 16, had the relatively lowest
values of the adj.SAR. The adj.SAR values ranged between
8.80 to 20.0, but well No. 18, had the relatively highest
values of the adj.SAR, ranging between 16.30 to 31.71. Wells
No. 15 and 17 had an intermediate values of adj.8AR which
ranged between 4.80 to 29.60. Generally, well waters in EIKorom
region had sodicity hazard described as, 82, A2 and
moderate problems are expected in toxicity by sodium
according to USSL, Indian and FAO classification,
respectively.
5- In EI-Gebeel wells No. 20 and 21 having the relatively low
values of the adj.SRA, ranged between 8.82 and 15.80, wells
No. 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27 and 28 having high sodicity
hazard where their adj.SAR ranged between 21.72 and 53.50.
Well No. 25 had the relatively highest values of the adj.SAR,
whears the well No. 26 had approximately the relatively
lowest values. Generally, well waters in EL-Gebeel region
had the sodicity hazard as the two wells of No. 20 and 21
which classified as, S I,Al-A2 and severe problem
represented by toxicity is expected according to USSL,
-105-
Indian and FAD classification, respectively. However, the
other eight wells, with the exception of well No. 25, all of
them had 82, A4 and severe toxicity problems are expected
according to USSL, Indian and FAO classification,
respecti vely.
6- In Rass Raiea region, well No. 31 had the highest values of
the adj.5AR where they ranged between 39.55 and 77.8, but
wells No. 29 and 30 had the adj.SAR values ranged between
30.63 and 62.45. Generally, well water in Rass Raiea had
sodicity hazard described as, 52, A4 and severe toxicity
problem according to US5L, Indian FAD classification,
respectively.
c) Boron and Some trace elements contents:
Data show that the water of wells in all regions contained
B, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu at the permissible limits in irrigation
waters.
2- Factors affecting well water quality: -
a) Climate is an important factor in monitoring water quality
during year months, all wells in all regions having the highest
values of EC during summer months and lowest EC values
were recorded through winter season. Thus, the climatic
changes had a vital effect on water salinity monitoring.
Which was attributed to increasing hot in summer months
and increasing crop water requirements and consequently
raising well water discharge which leads to increasing the
compensation from the sea. In winter months, low
---------
-106-
temperature, beside, rainfall should be responsible for
decreasing salinity.
b) Discharge of water, when the water discharge become high
it leads to an increase in the compensation of water from the
sea, consequently increasing Be values, this trend was
appeared in wells close to the Suez Gulf such as wells in Rass
Raiea region.
c) Distance from the Suez Gulf:
The distance from the Suez Gulf played a main role in
water quality where salt or saline water moves from the Suez
Gulf to the areas near it or to the wells by wind. When the
discharge becomes high it leads to an increase the compensation
of water from the sea. This was clear in water of both wells in
Measaad, El-Gebeel and Rass Raiea regions. Most of wells are
existed near to the Suez Gulf and their BC values were high.
Conclusions and recommendations:
This study aimed at drawing a cropping map for this area to
increase the agriculture production through the possible best
exploitation of particular wells in each region according to their
salinity grade and the guides of plant salt tolerance. The salinity
was grouped to three grades, the first BC values lie between 1 to
3 dSm-1, the second Be value between 3 to 6 dSm-1 and the third
grade of Be values above 6 dSm-1
•
----~--_ .. --------------~------------~
-107-
About, 62.5 % of wells in EI-Wady, 66 % in EI-Tor, 50 %
III EI-Korom wells and 10% in EI-Gebeel region are belonging
to the first grade.
Approximately of 25 % EI-Wady wells, 33 % of Mesaad,
33 % EI-Tor 50 % EI-Korom and 20 % in EL-Gebeel region area
located in the second grade.
In the third grade, about 12.5 % of EI-Wady, 66 % of Mesaad, 70
% of EL-Gebeel and 100 % of Rass Raiea regions are existed.
from the above mentioned results and under the prevailing
conditions of the studied area (light texture, good drainage, and
dry climate) it could be concluded that with proper irrigation and
fertilizer management, problems associated with salinity and
sodicity, up to a certain level, could be alleviated or overcome
with crops semi-tolerant or tolerant to salinity and high yield
could be attained. Therefore, waters with marginal quality could
be used successfully for irrigation with some agricultural control
measure such as:
a) Applying sufficient water for leaching, and addition of soil or
water amendments (such as gypsum).
b) Growing crops which are semi-tolerant or tolerant to salinity
c) Using modern irrigation systems which are effective in water
distribution.
d) Addition of organic matter.