الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This experiment was carried out at Poultry Reseach
Farm. belonging to Animal Production Department,Faculty
of Agriculture. Zagazig University. Benha branch.
Two experiments were oonduoted :
1. The first was designed to find out the possibility
of improving any undesirable effect resulting from
lowering the dietary protein level by using
convenient level of calcium and vito 0 which are
assumed to improve the protein utilization.
2. The second was carried out to improve the meat
platability by sub~tituting a part of animal
protein in diet with single cell protein (yeast).
A total number of 630 and 210 day-old Hubbard
hybrid chicks were used in first and second experiment.
respectively.
All chicks were wing banded at hatch, weighed.
vaccinated and kept under similar and standard
conditions of management.
nutrition.
Chicks of the first experiment were divided into
three major groups each of 210 chicks fed diets
environment. hygein and
containing 20. 22. and 24~ total protein respectively,
from hatch to the 21st day of age, lowered to 18, 20
173
and 22% respectively therafter.
Chicks of each major group were divided into three
major subgroups each of 70 chicks receiving 1.0%. 1.3%
and 1.9% dietary Calcium levels. respectively. Chicks
of each calcium level were Provided with either 2200 or
5120 I.U. vitamin D (each of 35 chicks).
Chicks of the second experiment were grouped into
two main groups each of 105. receiving diet containing
23:20% and 23~18% total dietary protein, respectively.
Each group was then subdivided into three subgroups
<each of 35 chicks) receiving 5 and 2% of their dietary
total protein from fish meal. yeast and a mixture of
the both. respectivelY.
Body weight was weekly and individually recorded
to the nearest gramm along the experimental period.
Weight gain and rate of growth between two succassive
weeks were individuallY calculated.Feed comsumed by all
chicks of each treatment was daily recorded. averaged
and expressed in gramms per day per chick. Feed
efficiency was then calculated as a ratio between gain
weight
lengths
<gm) and feed intake <gm). Shank and keel
were weekly and individuallY measured to the
nearest (mm) after the end of the first week and then
weekly up to the end of the experimental period.
Slaughtering and carcass quality measured at 56th
day of age. Water holding capacity in meat samples were
measured for chicks of the second experiment only.
Total protein, plasma albumen, calcium and
inorganic phosphorus were determined in the firs~
experiment, while total protein, plasma albumen and
plasma and tissues uric acid were measured in the
second experiment. In addition, at the end of the first
experimental period calcium absorption rate for each
intestinal part was determined in vivo in the form of
total calcium absorption and absorption per (cm )
175
b - Dietary oaloium level wa. found to have signifioant
effect on body weight of chicks allover the
experimental period except at the 2nd and 4th weeks.
Applying 1.0~ dietary calcium level mostly improved the
average body weight of broiler chicks while increasing
its level reduced this average.
c - Chicks fed 2200 I.U. I kg ration of vit.D had
highest average of body weight especially at 2~,
5th and 6th weeks of age than those fed 5120 I.U.
vito 0 whioh had the highe.t average of body weight at
l~, 4th and 7th wk. of age.
2 - Body weight gain.
a -Chicks fed on 24~ protein showed the highest
weight gain averages from the 2na to 7tn wk, while the
lowest weight gain averagss were obsorved in chicks fed
the
3th,
of
20~ protein.
b - Calciu. level of l.OS showed the highest body
weight gain averag •• followed by 1.3 and 1.9. levels,
respectively.
c - No .llnificant variation in weilht
average was found due to vito 0 supple.entation
during the last week.
3 - Rate of growth.
a - Birds fed 24. protein had the highest growth
rate allover the expert.ental period (grand avera.e
47.40~) followed by tho•• of chicks fed 22 and 20S
lain
except
17~
levels of protein. respectively.
b Variation in arowth rate due to dietary
calcium level was found to be sianificant durin, the
periods of 0 -1. 1 - 2 and 3 - 4 wk. only. Chicks fed
1.0. dietary calcium had the highest rate of growth
followed by those fed 1.3 and 1.9~ dietary calcium
content, respectively.
c - Vita 0 level showed no significant effect on
the rate of arowth at all 8xpeTimental period except at
o -1 and 6 - 7 wk. aae.
4 - Keel and shank len,ths.
a - Chicks fed diet containing 24~ protein showed
the hi,hest keel and shank lenaths when compared with
those fed on either 22 or 20~ protein diets,
respeotl-vely.
b Dietary calciu. level was found to have
slanificant .ffect on keel and shank lengths alonl the
experimental period.
c Insignificant effect was found in keel and
shank lenlths due to dietary vita 0 suppl ••entation in
all e.tlaation periods except at 1~, 6th and 7th weeks
for keel len.th and at 2nd. 6th and 7th weeks for shank
len.th. At these ages.5120 I.U. vito D. supple.entation
increased averaae keel and shank lenaths when co.pared
with 2200 I.U. supple.entatlon.
1T7
II - Feed oonBultption and .ft lelency J
a - Feed consumption average per chick per day all
over the experimental period was lower (54.56 gm) in
chicks fed 20S dietary protein, while this average was
similar in chicks ted either 22 or 24S dietary protein
(approximately 56.35 gm). Dietary protein level was
found to have significant effect on these trait along
the experimental period.
b - Vito 0 had no si,nificant effect on the amount
of feed oonsumption except at the 7~ w.ek.
c Fe.din. chicks 1.0S dietary calcium level
resulted in increasing the average of teed consumption
(57.96 amI chick Iday)followed by those fed 1.3 and 1.9S
dietary calcium, which had average of feed consumption
of 55.10 gm and 54.13 gm, respectively.
d~l.tary protein level was only the factor that
affect feed efficiency. Chicks fed diet containina 24S
dietary protein .howed the highe.t averals. (0.475) of
teed efficiency than those fed 22 and 20S dietary
protein, which showed 0.423 and 0.371 respectively.
111 - Carcass quality .easure.ents :
a -Birds fed 24S dietary protein had tne highest
absolute and proportional veilhts of blood, feathers
and inedible ••at folloved by those ted 22 then by 20_
dietary protein.
b Feedine ohicks diets containing 1.9~ calcium
decreased the absolute and proportional weight of both
feathers and inedible parts of carcass while it
increased the absolute and proportional weight of
blood.
c Vit.D at a rate of 5120 I.U.increased the
proportional blood weight and absolute and proportional
weight of feather, it decreased the absolute weight of
blood and the absolute and relative weights of inedible
parts of careas •• However, analysis of variance did not
show a silnificant effect due to any factor under study
or the interactton between them, except tn case of
absolute weicht of inedible part of carcass which
showed significant response to the effect of the
dietary protein.
d Chicks fed 24~ dietary protetn had the hilh ••t
average of absolute weight of carcass and lib lets,
however the lowest av.r •••• were observed in tho.e fed
20 and 22. dietary protein, respectively. Low dietary
protein content decreased absolute total edible .eat
while it incre.sed its proportional weight.
s - Feeding broiler chickS diet containing 1.3~ calcium
resulted in increasing absolute and proportional
weights of total edible .eat, carea.. and giblets.
while a low percentals of dietary celciu. aa.tly
decreased these weights. Significant effect of dietary
calcium was found on the absolute weight of carcass
only.
f - Variation in all stUdied parameters due to vit.D
supplementation were not significant.
VI - Serum blood parameters :
a Serum calcium content was significantly
affected with dietary calcium level, while no
significant variations in this trait were observed due
to dietary protein level or vito 0 supplementation.
b - No significant variation in serum inorganic
phosphorus level were found due to any faotor studied.
c Average of plasma total protein level was
hi.her (3.41 mg/l00 ml> in chicks fed 24. dietary
protein followed by those fed 22 (3.28>. Analysis of
variance for data showed significant .ffect due to
dietary protein content on plasma total protein level.
d - Birds fed 1.3~ dietary calcium had the highest
total protein level (3.33 ml/l00 ml), followed by those
fed 1.9. dietary calcium (3.29 mg/l00 ml).
e Chicks fed 5120 I.U./kg ration vit.D had
relatively the hi.her average of plas.a total protein
(3.33 mg/l00 ml) followed by those fed 2200 I.U••
However, analysis of variance showed insignificant
effect of either dietary calcfu. content and vit. D.
supplementation.
f - No significant variation in serum albumen content
were found due to any factor studied or due to the
interaction between them on this trait.
VII - Parameteers of calcium absorption rats:
a - Ileum had always the higher average of both
total calcium absorption. calcium absorption/em
length/hr or per gm dry matter.
b Dietary protein level showed significant
effect on the total calcium absorption only.
On the other hand. dietary calcium level showed
significant effect on the absorbed amount/cm length/hr
only.
c - Vit.D supplementation showed no .ilnifioant
effact in aJ I parameters of calcium absorption rate.
b - Values of the correlation coefficient between
the rate of caJcium absorption per either 1 cm
intestinal lenjth orper1 1m intestinal dry weight and
total lengths or total dry wellhts of different
intestinal relion. differed in their magnitude
accord1n, to either inte.tinal part or the protein
level. However. they were allot hilh and positive
value.
a.oood .xp.rt ••nt I
1. Para •• tars of growth pertor.ance
1. Body wei,ht.
a - Highest body weilht average (1262.12 g_> was
found in chicks fed fish meal as a source of animal
protein.
b - Dietary protein levels and source had significant
effect on the average of body weight from the 4th wk
<in case of protein source> or from the 3rd wk <in
case of protein level> up to the end of the
experimental period.
2. Weight gain:
Dietary protein source showed significant effect
on average body weight gain at 4th and 5th wks of
chicks age, while the effect of protein level was
significant from the 3rd wk up to the end of
experimental period.
3. Rate of growth.
Significant variation in average growth rate was
found, during 2 - 3, 3 - 4 and 4 - 5 wks of age due to
dietary protein source. However, dietary protein level
was found to have insignificant effect on the rate of
growth along the experimental period except during 2-3
wk of chick’s age.
4. Keel and shank lengths
a - Dietary protein source affected keel length at
a 11 ages
variation
except at 1~ and 6th weeks. However,
in shank length due to this treatment was
observed allover the experimental period except at
1~, 3rd and 4th weeks of chicks age.
b - Dietary protein level significantly affected
average of keel length during the period from the 1~
wk to the 5th wk of chicks age.
II Feed consumption and efficiency:
Feed consumption varied significantly at 6ih wk
according to dietary protein source, while significant
effect was found at 2nd and 5th wks for dietary protein
level. No significant variation in feed efficiency
could be detected due to either dietary protein sources
or levels.
III - Parameters of carcass quality:
a - No significant effect was found due to dietary
protein levels or source and the interaction betwe.n
them on various traits of killina, dressing and
eVisceratin, losses except the absolute weight of blood
which showed sianificant response to dietary protein
substitution.
b - Sianificant variations due to dietary protein
source were found in absolute weights of edible meat.
Variations In all traits <except in proportional
weights of total edible ••at and :carcas.) due to
dietary protein level were 8lgnificant.
c - No significant variation In water holding
capacity due to either dietary protein level, source or
the interaction between the••
VII - Serum blood indicators:
1 - Serum total protein.
Insiginficant variation in serum total protein due
to dietary protein source was observed. However, animal
or sinale cell protein sUbstituting level significantly
affect average of serum total protein content.
2 - Serum albumen content.
Insignifioant variation in average serum albumen
due to either protein level, source or the interaction
between them was found.
3 - Serum and tissues uric acid.
Serum uric acid averaged 34.10, 37.35 and 38.70
.g/100 ml in chicks fed fish meal, yeast or fish meal
and yeast, respectively. The corresponding averages in
tissue. were 26.45,31.08 and 38.10 mlll00 ml,
respectively. However, no significant effect due to
either dietary protein sources or levels on avera,e of
serum or tissues uric acid level were found.