الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The agricultural, economic, and social development
plays an important role in the strategy of general development
in such sectors owing to its role in satisfying the needs of the
society of clothing, food, and others. Throwing the light on this
sector is an important issue owing to its importance in defining
the limitations to agricultural development especially in the
areas of Halayeb and Shalateen in a trial to figure out the best
alternative for development under the current and future
conditions. This will definitely give a big hand in drawing the
agricultural policies for the best crop, fish, and animal
production.
The current study could be featured in an introduction to
the research study, objectives, methodology, and data sources,
in addition to four other major chapters. The first was devoted
to the theoretical and historical background of the study area in
two subchapters. The first threw the light on the concept of
development and governmental strategy for agriculture. The
second subchapter reviewed the previous studies. The first
subchapter of the second chapter focused on natural resources
and limitations to development in the area. The second focused
on the climate elements and norms in the area. The third
focused on exposing the economic potentials of the area for
animal and fish production. The second part was devoted to the
field study and included the third chapter which took care of
the activities analysis especially those of grazing and animal
production in the tri-pod area. In this respect, the functions of
production and cost for meat and dairy production were
formulated for the study area. The fourth chapter stressed the
analysis of fishing and fisheries activities in the area. In
addition, the cost and production functions were also
established with the derivation of some economic pointers
which guide the producers toward enhancing the production
capacities.
First, meat production functions in the triangle area of
Halayeb, Shalateen, and AbuRamad using total production
value and the assets of cost point to the effect of production
elements of camel numbers, workers numbers, and feed rations
on total production of meat.
With regard to the effect of number of camels on meat
production, equation I in Table (47) could be established as to
represent linear. The former equation points to that increasing
the number of camels by one will significantly lead to an
increase in meat production by about 120 kg at 99% of
significance, R2 (0.94).
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
number of workers and meat production, equation 2 in Table
(47) could be figured out (R2 = 0.76) which was significant at
0.01 level.
With regard to the effect of feed ration on meat
production, equation 3 in Table (47) could be established as to
represent linear. The former equation points to that increasing
the amount of feed by one kg will significantly lead to an
increase in meat production by about 5.891 kg at 1% level, R 2
(0.84).
Second, meat production functions in the triangle area of
Halayeb, Shalateen, and AbuRamad using total production
value and the assets of cost point to the effect of production
elements of sheep numbers, workers numbers, and feed rations
on total production of meat.
To estimate the effect of number of sheep on meat
production, equation 1 in Table (53) could be established as to
represent linear relationship. Equation 1 points to that
increasing the number of sheep by one will significantly lead to
an increase in meat production by about 15.3 kg at 1 % level of
significance, R2 (0.84).
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
number of workers and meat production, equation 2 in- Table
(53) could be figured out (R 2 = 0.25) which was significant at
0.01 level despite of being very low in effect on meat
production.
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
amount of feed ration and meat production, equation 3 in Table
(53) could be figured out (R2 = 0.90) which was significant at
0.01 level.
Third, based on the various derived models using
mathematical manipulation, the linear model for the
relationship between production costs and average amount of
produced camel meat in the triangle area of Halayeb,
Shalateen, and AbuRamad could be established, but no further
economic pointers could be achieved with regard to the
definition of the economic stage for such activity to be
practiced toward enhancing meat production. The same took
place for the same relationships on sheep mutton production in
the same area that was previously defined. Fourth, camel milk production functions in the triangle
area of Halayeb, Shalateen, and AbuRamad using total
production value and the assets of cost point to the effect of
production elements of camel numbers, workers numbers, and
amount of feed rations on total production of milk.
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
number of sheep and meat production, equation 1 in Table (55)
could be figured out (R2=0.74) which was significant at 0.01
level. In this respect, production elasticity reached 0.815,
which implies that there a good opportunity for increasing the
number of camels in the existing herds to enhance milk
production.
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
number of workers and meat production, equation 2 in Table
(55) could be figured out (R2 = 0.69) which was significant at
0.01 level despite of being very low in effect on meat
production.
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
amount of feed ration and camel milk production, equation 3 in
Table (55) could be figured out as significant at 0.01 level.
Fifth, sheep milk production functions in the triangle
area of Halayeb, Shalateen, and AbuRamad using total
production value and the assets of cost point to the effect of
production elements of sheep numbers, workers numbers, and
amount of feed rations on total production of milk.
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
number of sheep and milk production, equation 1 in Table (58)
could be figured out (R2 = 0.79) which was significant at 0.01
level.
With regard to the effect of number of workers on sheep
milk production, equation 2 in Table (58) could be established
as to represent linear relationship. The coefficient of
determination ofR2
= 0.63 for the equation 2 points to a
positive relationship between number of workers and milk
production.
Using the double logarithm for the relationship between
amount of feed ration and sheep milk production, equation 3 in ’
Table (58) could be figured out.
Sixth, based on the various derived models using
mathematical manipulation, the linear model for the
relationship between production costs and average amount of
produced camel milk production in the triangle of Halayeb,
Shalateen, and AbuRamad could be established, but no further
economic pointers could be achieved with regard to the
VI.
definition of the economic stage for such activity to be
practiced toward enhancing camel milk production. The same
took place for the same relationships on sheep milk production
in the same area.
Seventh, the productivity functions were estimated for
fishing resource to knowledge range effect of significant
elements production on total production at total level for study
sample through estimated sample No. (67), so, we are showed
that the elements importance which that significant effects are
presented .at the number of people hour, ice quantity, energy
quantity, oil and fat, so, the total plasticity for these elements
by 0.826. For this we are using this elements in the second
stage for production so that it is positive and less than from one
for the number of people work hours at the week and the
quantity of energy and oil which estimated by 0.802 and 0.129
respectively, which indicated that increasing the using from
this elements by 1% leading to increase the quantity of fishing
by 0.802% and 0.129% respectively.
Also, the productivity plasticity were estimated for ice
with negative value which are indicated that the using ice are
used with quantity uneconomically with comprising the total
value for all productive elements, from these elements and its
Vll
price for estimating all use efficient from these production
elements (Table 67) show that, the limited production value
from using people work hours are increasing unit price, this
indicated that using people work are completed with economic
mixing and there are chance to increases the using from the
units people elements to increase fishing quantity from fish at
the study sample.
For energy, oil and fat which are using on the boat, the
results showed that, the percent between the limited production
value for the element and its price were less that one, this
indicated for the limited production value for energy, oil and
fat less than the price of liter, where for ice the results indicated
that the limited production value was negative so that it were
used with uneconomic ally mixing.
Eighth, to define the relationship between the total
production costs and total fish production in the triangle area of
Halayeb, Shalateen, and AbuRamad the production cost
functions of the fish production were formulated, amongst
which the most appropriate functions to the study area based on
the standards of economic analysis. The best fitting functions
were found to be the cubic ones as expressed in the following : Based on calculating the optimum fish production of the
triangle area from the production cost and total cost at the
marginal revenue level (average price per ton), which was
found to reach LE 8.5, it was clear that the production volume
with the best production efficiency at which exists the least
cost per ton of fish or at which the average cost per ton reaches
the least level it can achieve, which, in tum, is defined when
the marginal cost equals the average costs; i.e. the intersection
point of marginal cost curve and the curve of average total
costs, it, hence, represents the beginning of the economic stage,
and reaches about 24 kg per participant per day. The volume of
the production that maximizes the producer benefit is that
defined when the marginal cost equilibrates the marginal
revenue or the average price which is about 28 kg per day.
Since the average production per participant in the study area
reached 53.5 kg per day, this means that the average fish
production in this area exceeded the optimum most efficient
production at which the per ton cost drops to a minimum. It
also means the situation at which the there is the optimum
production that maximizes the producer benefits. Two field experiments were carried out at the experimental
fann of the faculty of Agricul turel, at Moshtohor,
Kalubia Governorate, Egypt. Experiment were conducted for
two sucessive seasons of 1979 / 1980 and 1980 / 1981 to
study the effect of Zn, eu and Zn + eu on the growth and
yield characters of barley plants.
Giza 121, barley cultivar was used in this study.
The preceeding crop was maize in the two growing seasons.
The experiment s were 1 ayed out in a randomi zed complete
blocks design with four replications. Experimental
plots were fertilized with 45 kg N. / fed. in the form of
Amonium slphate (20.5 %), and 16 kg P20S / fed. in the
form of calcium superphosphate (16 % P20S).
The various micronutrients fertilizer treatments were
applied as follows :
1- Control (without any of the micronutrients application.
Zinc (Zn) as znS04 at the following concentration
2- 0.2 %
)- 0.4 %
4- 0.6 %
Copper (Cu) as CuS°4
at the following concentration
5- 0.2 %
6- 0.4 %
7- 0.6 %
Zinc (Zn) + Copper (cu) concentration
8- 0.2 % + 0.2 %
9- 0.2 % + 0.4 %
10- 0.2 % + 0.6 %
11- 0.4 % + 0.2 %
12- 0.4 % + 0.4 %
1)- 0.4 % + 0.6 %
14- 0.6 % + 0.2 %
15- 0.6 % + 0.4 %
16- 0.6 % + 0.6 %
The following are the most important results.
1- The dry weight of barley plant was significantly increaaed
by all the applied treatments of Zn, Cu as well as
Zn + eu except the treatments of either Zn at 0.2 % or
0.4 % + eu at 0.2 % . The maximumdry weight per plant
was 1).40 gm. on the over all average of the two studed
seasons. This was obt:9.ined by applying Zn t:’: the rate of
0.4 % •
2- The number of tillers per plant was significantly increased
by applying Zn at the rate of 0.2 % t 0.4 % or
0.6 %, eu at the rate of 0.6 % t either Cu 0.4 % or
0.6 % + Zn 0.2 % • The maximum nomber of tillers per plant
(31.73) was obtined by applying Zn at 0.4 % •Whereas
by the other treatments the differences were not great enough
to reach level of significance.
J- Applying Zn, eu as well as Zn + eu caused significant
increase in the average plant height by all the applied
micronutrients treatments except by those of either
eu at 0.2 % or 0.4 % + Zn at 0.4 % • The maximumplant
heigh (109 : 459 em.) This was obtained by using Zn at
0.4 % •
4- Stem Length of barley plant were significantly increased
by fertilizing with &n at 0.4 %, eu at 0.4 % or
0.6 % as well as Zn at 0.4 % + eu at 0.6 % • Whereas by
the other applied treatments, the differences were not
great enough to reach the level of significance. The maximumstem
length (101.54 cm ) was obtained by applying Zinc
at 0.4 % •
5- Fertilizing with the micronutrients under investigation
coused a significant increase in the length of spike
by all the applied treatments except by those of Zn at 0.2 %
or eu at 0.2 %, Zn at 0.2 % + eu at 0.2 % as well as
either cu at 0.4 % or 0.6 % + Zn at 0.6 % • The ma.:rlmtun
spike length (7.91 cm.) was obtained by applying Zn at
0.4 % •
6- Applying Zn or Cu as well as Zn + Cu caused a significant
increase in the number of spikes per plant by all
the applied treatments except by those of Zn at 0.4 % +
eu at 0.4 % and Zn at 0.6 % + eu at 0.2 % • The maximtun
number of spikes per plant (30.36) was obtained by using
Zn at 0.4 % •
7- The weight of spikes per plant was significantly increased
by applying Zn at 0.2 % or 0.6 %, eu at 0.4 %
as well as either eu at 0.2 % or 0.4 % + Zn at 0.2 %
and either eu at 0.2 % or 0.6 % + Zn at 0.4 % • The
maximumweight of spikes per plant (74.619 gm.) was obtained
by using Zn at 0.4 % •
8- The number of kernels per spike was increased significantly
by applying Zn or Cu at 0.4 % , either Zn at 0.2 %
or 0.4 % + Zn at 0.6 % • The maximumnumber of kernels
per spike (45.65) wes obtained by applying Zn at 0.4 % •
9- Fertilizing with Zn or Cu at 0.4 % as well as Zn at
0.4 % + eu at 0.2 % caused a significant increase in
tile .•;.eiGht of kernels per spike. Whereas by the other
treatments the differences were not great enough to reach
the level of significance. The maximumweight of kernels
per spike (2.738 ~ ) was obtained by applying Zn at 0.4%.
10- Seed index was increased significantly by applying
Zn or eu at 0.4 % , whereas by the other treatments, the
differences were not great enough to reach the level of
significance. Tb.e maximumseed index (47.59 gw ) was obtained
by using Zn at 0.4 % •
11- Applying Zn, Cu, as well as Zn + Cu caused a significant
increase in the grain yield of barley plants, by
all of the applied treatments, except by Zn at 0.6 % as
well as Zn at 0.4 % + Cu at 0.6 % • Tb.e maximumgrain
yield (1.7526 ton per feddan) was obtained by applying Zn
at 0.4 % •
12- The straw yield was significantly increased by fertilizing
with Zinc or copper as well as Zinc + Copper by
applying all treatments except that of eu at 0.2 % • The
maxim\ml straw yield (6.1267 ton per feddan) was obtained
by treatment Zn 0.4 % + Cu 0.6 % •
13- Tb.e biological yield was significantly increased aa
a reaul t of all the applied treatments of Zn or eu as well
as Zn + eu except by those of Zn at 0.2 % or 0.6 % , Cu
at 0.2 % or 0.6 %, either Cu at 0.2 % or 0.6 % + Zn
at 0.6 % and Zn at 0.4 % + eu at 0.2 % • The maximum
biological yield (7.771 ton per feddan) was obtained by
applying Cu a.t the rate of 0.6 % •
Chemica].Contents :
1- Results showed that the applica.tion of Zn at 0.4 %
produced the maximumnitrogen content in the tissues of
barley plant a.t 65 days from sowing as well as the n1 trogen
and crude protein in the tissues of barley grains.
2- The maximum phosphorus content in the tissues of
plant at 65 days from sowing in the tissues of barleg grains
was obtained by the applying eu at 0.4 % and 0.6 %
ressectively.
J- Applyina Cu at the rate of 0.4 % and 0.6 % produced
the maximumpotassium content in plant at 65 days from sowing
and tlle grain yield of barley at maturity stage respectively.
4- The maximumZinc content in tissues of plant at 65
days from sowing and barley grains was 0bt ained by applying
Zn at 0.6 % •
5- Results showed that micronutrit:nts dis exert a significant
effect on the eu content in barley plant at 65 days
from sowing as well as in grain.
6- Results showed that the oarbohydrate content wa.s not
significantly affected by the foliar application of Zn,
Cu and Zn + Cu.