الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two field experiments and one pot experiment were carried out to study the effect of transplanting, calcium application and fungicide treatment on growth and yield of sugar beet. The field experiments were in Shalakan Agric. Res. Station of Int. Res. Center during 1998/99 and 1999/2000. The study involved three planting methods, namely; direct sowing, four weeks age transplanting and six weeks age transplanting; two calcium treatments in the first season, control and calcium chelate, and three treatments in the second one; calcium chelate, calcium sulphate and control and two fungicide treatments, control and Rhizolex application. The design of the experiment was split plot where the planting methods were allocated in the main plots and the combination between calcium and fungicide treatments in the sub plot.
Pot experiment included the same mentioned factors where the plants were left to reach 3 months age during which some vegetative measurements were recorded.
The results of the experiments could be summarized as follows :
I. Field experiments :
A. Effect of planting methods :1.Direct sowing increased plant height, number be leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf area index, top fresh and dry weight as compared with transplanting at different stages of growth.
2.Root length and root diameter were not significantly affected by planting methods at different stages of growth.
3.Top, root, biological and sugar yield per fad were significantly higher with transplanted plants than direct sown ones. Four weeks age transplants produced the highest value of top, root, biological and sugar yield followed by direct sowing then six weeks age transplanting.
4.Sugar, T.S.S. and purity percent were not significantly affected by planting methods whereas protein percent was significantly higher in transplanted plants in the second season than direct sowing.
5.Transplanting caused a considerable increase in plant population as compared with direct sowing.
B. Effect of calcium application :
1.Calcium application as a chelate did not affect plant highest, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, leaf area index, top fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight and total fresh and dry weight per plant.
2.Root length and root diameter were not significantly affected by calcium application.
3.Top, root and biological yield increased with calcium application as calcium sulphate.4.Sugar yield, T.S.S. and purity percent were not significantly affected by calcium application whereas protein content increased with calcium application.
5.Calcium application increased plant population at harvest.
C. Effect of fungicide treatments :
1.Treating seeds with Rhizolex as a fungicide did not significantly affect plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, leaf area index, top fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight and total fresh and dry weight as compared with the untreated plants.
2.Root length and diameter were not significantly affected by fungicide treatment.
3.Fungicide treated seeds gave a slight higher top, root, biological and sugar yield than untreated seeds.
4.Fungicide treatments did not significantly affect sugar, T.S.S. purity and protein percent in sugar beet.
5.Rhizolex caused a slight increase in plant population of sugar beet at harvest.
D. Effect the interaction :
I. Effect of the interaction between planting methods (P) and calcium application (Ca) :
The following characters were significantly affected by Pxca interaction :
1. Number of leaves at 115 days in both seasons and 155 days in the second season.2.Leaf area at 135 days from planting in the second season.
3.Leaf area Index at 115 days from planting in the second season.
4.Top fresh weight at 155 days from planting in the first season and at the three stages of growth in the second one.
5.Top dry weight at 115 and 155 days from planting in the second season.
6.Root length at 135 clays from planting in the second season.
7.Root diameter at 115 days from planting in both season.
8.Root fresh weight at 115 and 155 days from planting in the second season.
9.Root dry weight at 155 and 135 days from planting in the second season.
10.Total fresh weight at 135 and 155 days from planting in the second season.
11.Total fresh weight at 135 and 155 days from planting in the second season.
12.Total dry weight at 135 days from planting in the second season.
All the above mentioned characters gave the highest
values in the direct sown plants treated with calcium as calcium chelate or calcium sulphate.
II. Interaction between planting methods x fungicide treatments.
The following characters were significantly affected by PXF interaction :1.Plant height at 155 days from planting in both seasons.
2.Number of leaves at 135 and 155 days from planting in the second season.
3.Leaf area at 135 days from planting in 1999/2000.
4.Leaf area index at 155 days from planting in the second season.
5.Root length at 115 days in the first season and 135 days from planting in the second season.
6.Root diameter at 115 days from planting in the first season.
7.Root fresh weight at 135 days from panting in both season and 155 days in the second season.
8.Total fresh weight at 135 day from planting in both seasons.
The highest values of these characters were obtained from direct sown plants treated with fungicide (Rhizolex).
III. Interaction between calcium x fungicide treatments:
The following characters were significantly affected by Ca X F interaction.
1.Root length at 155 days from planting in 1999/2000 seasons.
2.Root diameter at 115 days from planting in the first season and 135 days in the second season.
3.Leaf area at 135 and 155 days from planting in 1999/2000 season.
4.Leaf area index at 135 and 155 days from planting in 1999/2000 season.
5.Leaves fresh weight at 115 and 155 days from planting in the second season.6.Root fresh weight at 155 days from planting in the second season.
7.Root dry weight at 135 and 155 days from planting in 1999/2000 season.
8.Total dry weight at 155 days from planting in the second season.
The highest values of the above mentioned characters were obtained from plants treated with calcium application and fungicide treatment.
IV. Effect of interaction between planting methods x calcium application x fungicide treatments (P x Ca x F) :
The following characters were significantly affected by P x Ca x F interaction.
1.Plant height at 155 days from planting in the first season as well as at 115 and 155 days in the second one.
2.Number of leaves/plant at 115 days from planting in 1998/199 and 135 and 155 day in 1999/2000.
3.Leaf area at 135 days from planting in 1998/1999.
4.Leaf area index at 135 days from planting in the first season only.
5.Leaves fresh weight at 115 from planting in the second season.
6.Leaves dry weight at 115 days from planting in the second season.
7.Root length at 115,135 and 155 days from planting in the second season8.Root fresh weight at 155 days from planting in 1999/2000.
9.Root dry weight at 135 days from planting in the first seasons.
10.Total fresh weight at 115 days from planting in 1999/2000.
To obtain the highest values of all mentioned characters sugar beet fungicide treated seeds were directly sown in the soil and fertilized with calcium as calcium chelate or calcium sulphate.
Effect of interaction on yield and characters quality :
I.Calcium and fungicide application :
Plant population, root weight/plant, top yield, root yield, biological yield and sugar yield were significantly affected by the interaction between calcium sulphate application and fungicide treatments. The highest values of the mentioned characters were obtained when sugar beet plants were treated with the Rhizolex and fertilized by calcium sulphate.
It could be concluded that treating sugar beet seeds with Rhizolex and application of calcium sulphate to sugar beet plants produced the highest plant population, root weight per plant, top and root, biological and sugar yield.
II.Interaction effect of planting methods, X fungicide treatment :
Results showed that six weeks age transplanted plants treated with Rhizolex produced the highest T.S.S. percent insugar beet juice in the second season. Whereas the highest protein content in top yield was recorded in six weeks age transplanted plants treated with. Rhizolex.Pots experiments :
Results obtained could be summarized as follows :
1.A highly significant difference was found between different planting methods. Transplanting method proved a high tolerance to soil born pathogen (R. solani).
2.Transplanting method gave sugar beet plants significantly higher in fresh and dry weight (top and root), leaf area than sugar beet plants sawn with direct seed. an the other hand, disease severity decreased when transplanting methods used was as compared with direct seed planting
method.
3.Gypsum (calcium sulphate) treatment gave the highest fresh and dry weight (top and root) of sugar beet plants than calcium chelate and untreated control. While calcium chelate gave the highest reduction in disease severity than plants treated with gypsum and untreated control.
4.Disease severity was significantly affected by the interaction between transplanting methods and calcium application where the lowest severity was recorded in sugar beet transplanted plants fertilized with calcium
sulphate.