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Abstract SUMMARY 1- FIHSrr STUDY Three field experiments fere carried out at Sids Agricultural Research Station, Beni- Suef Governorate, Agricultural Research Center during 1983 ; 1984 and 1985 seasons to study the response of maize plants to irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilizer levels on the 17rowth, yield and yield components, chemical as well as tecJmological properties of maize grains. Each expe r-i.merrt included 21 treatments which were the combination of three intervals of irrigation (6, 12 and 18 days) and seven levels of nitrogen fertilizers (0.0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg N/faddan). The treatments in the three seasons were arranged in split plot design with four replications. The irrigation treatments occupied the main plot and the sub-plots were devoted to the nitrogen fertilizer levelso The area of each sub-plot was 46 m2 (5~75 x 8 m) gr~n faddan co tained 10 ridges which were 80 cm apart and 5.75 m length. The distance between hills were 25 em apart • The outer two rows (l~ and loth) were considered as bot’der rows. he vegetative samples were taken from two rows which were 8th and 9~ to determine the dry matter and growth measurements. The grain and straw yields and yield components were taken from four rows which were 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th which equal to 18.4 m2 and calculated per faddan (4200 m2). The phosphorus fertilizer was applied at a level of 32 kg P20S per faddan in a form of calcium super-phosphate (16 % P205) to all treatments before sowing time. Characte s studied 1- Growth measurements : The followine data were recorded for determining characters of 10 plants (chosen at random for each t r-eat.ne nt of every replication at 60 and 90 days from sowing during the three successive seasons of the experiment to estimate the following characters : 1- Plant heieht in em. 2- Ear height in em. 3- Stem dialeter in em. 4- Number of green leaves per plant. 5- Leaf area index. 6- Total dry weight per plant in gm. 7- Time of 50 % tasseling per days. 8- Time of 50 % silking per days. - lS.3 - 11- g~!.d_~9.._~ie~d comEo~~~-.:.. l- Ear length in em. 2- Ear diameter in em. 3- Cob diameter in em. 4- Number of rows per ear. 5- umber of grains per row .. 6- Number of grains per ear. 7- 100- grain weieht in gro.. 8- Grain weieht per ear in gro•• 9- Shelling percentage. 10- Grain yield ton per faddan. 11- Straw yield ton per faddan. 111- Chemical and teehnolo&ieal~roper~~ 1- ’rhe percentage of testa tot otal grain. 2- The percentage of endosperm to total grain. .3- The percentage of embryo to total grain. 4- Bulk density gm/ em 3” 5- True density gm/ em3 • 6- Heetolitter weight in gm. 7- Crude protein percentage .. 8- Oil percentage. - lC)·l - The followi~g are the most imEortant-Ee§~lt~ 1- -Gr-o-wt-h-m-e-a-su-r-em-e-nt-s- : :J{. ’I’he plant he i.glrt at 60 and 90 days and ear height were siGnificantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons. The highest value of plant heieht at 60 and 90 days from the sowino and the ear height were obtained from the irrigation interval namely 6 days, whereas the lowest values were obtained from the irrigation interval every 18 dayso The stem diameter and leaf area index at 90 days were sienificantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysiso The highest values of the stem diameter and leaf area index at 90 days were obtained from the irrigation interval namely 6 days, ; The total d~J weight at 60 days was significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis. The highest value was obtained from the irrigation interval namely 12 days. ~ The stem diameter and leaf area index at 60 days, number of green leaves per plant at 60 and 90 days, total dry weight at 90 days, time of 50 % tasseling and time of 50 % silking were not significant due to the - 105 irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons. B- Effect of the~itrogen fertilizer leve~s : (p) ~~heplant height, stem diameter, number of green leaves per plant, leaf area index, total dry weieht at 60 and 90 days, ear height, time of tasseling and time a+” silking were siguificantly affected by the nitrofi,enfertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest values of the plant height and total dry weight at 60 and 90 days, stem diameter at 60 days, number of green leaves per plant and leaf area index at 90 days were obtained when received 120 kg NI faddan and the stem diameter at 90 days, number of green leaves and leaf area index at 60 days were obtained when recetved 100 kg NI faddan. x The time of 50 tasseling and 50 % silking increased by decreasing the nitrogen fertilizer levels. The time of tasseling and silking were obtained from unfertilized treatIllent(ccrrt rol)e c- ~~of the interaction ~ (AB) h The stem diameter and leaf area index at 90 days were sienificantly affected by the interactions - 196 - between the irrigation intervals and the nitrogen fertilizer rates in the combined analysis of the three seasons. The highest values of the stem diameter and leaf area index at 90 days were obtained from the irri8ation interval namely 6 days with 120 and 80 kg NI faddan, whereas the lowest values were obtained from the irrigation intervals every 18 and 6 days under zero kg NI faddan, respectively. 11- !~~~~~nd.y~e~-££~E£ne~~~~ A- !!.fect of !he2:EE.~~ti.9.~-lnterv_al_s l (A) ~ The ear diameter was significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons. The hiehest value of the ear diameter was obtained from the irrigation interval namely 12 days .• ~ The ear length, cob diameter, number of raws per ear, number of grains per row and per ear, lOO-grains weight, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were not significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons. x The differences between the averages of the grain yield toni faddan were not significant in two seasons out of three and in the combined analysis of - 197 - the three seasons due to the irrigation intervals. The highest grain yield I faddan was obtained from the irrigation interval namely 12 days in the combined analysis. ~ The straw yield toni fadden was significantly affected in two seasons out of three and in the combined analysis of the three seasons due to the irrigation intervals. The highest value of straw yield was obtained from the irrigation interval namely 6 days in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter , number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and per ear, 100- grain weight, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the three seasons. The highest values of the ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per ear, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were obtained when received 120 kg NI faddan, whereas the cob diameter, number of grains per row and 100 - grain weight were obtained at 100 kg NI feddan level. - 18- ~ The grain and straw yields per faddan were significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer levels in the three seasons as well as the combined analysis of the three growing seasons. The highest values of the grain and straw yield/ faddan were obtained when applied 120 kg N/ faddan. c- Effect of the interaction: (AB) x The differences between the averages of the ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and per ear, 100 - grain weieht, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were not significant due to the interaction between the irrigation intervals and the nitrogen fertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the three seaSons • ~ The differences between the averages of the grain and straw yields ton per faddan were significant due to the interaction between the irrigation intervals and the nitrogen fertilizer level in one season out of three as well as in the combined analysis of the three seasons. The highest values of the grain and straw yields were obtained from the irrigation interval namely 6 days with 120 wld 80 kg N/ faddan levels in the grain and straw yields, respectively. - 19tj - 111- Chemical and technolo~~!-EroEerties : A- Effect of.the_ir!i~ati~ntervals .)Y.: (ft.) ~ The endosperm percentage, embryo percentage, bulk density, hectolitter weight, crude protein percentage and oil percentage were significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons. -k The highest values of the embryo and oil percentages were obtained from the irrigation interval namely 6 days. The endosperm and crude protein percentages were obtained from the irrigation intervals namely 12 days and the bulk density and hectolitter weight were obtained from the irrigation interval every 18 days. * The testa percentage and true density were not significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons. B- !f!~£i-£!-the ~itroBe~rtilizer levels -l (B) k The testa, endosperm and crude protein percentages were significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The testa percentage decreased, whereas the endosperm and crude protein percentages increased by - 200 - increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rateso The highest value of the testa percentage was obtained from the unfertilized treatment and the endosperm and crude protein percentages were obtained when received 120 kg N/ faddan. ~ The embryo percentage, bulk and true densities, hectolitter weight and oil percentage were not significant due to the nitrogen fertilizer rates in the combined analysis of the three seasons. c- Effect of the interaction : (AB) x The testa, endosperm and embryo percentages and bulk density were significantly affected, whereas the true density, hectolitter weight, crude protein percentage and oil percentage were not significant due to the interaction between the irrigation intervals and the nitrogen fertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest values of the testa and embryo percentages were obtained from the irrigation interval namely 6 days, whereas the end osperm percent age and bulk density were obtained from the irrigation interval namely 18 days with 0, 100, 100 and 20 kg N/faddan, respectively. - 201 - 11- SECOND STUDY Three field experiments were carried out at Sids Agricultural Research Station, Beni- Suef Governorate Agricultural Research Center during 1983, 1984, and 1985 gro~ing seasons to study the response of maize plants to irrigation treatments and nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar application on growth, yield and yield components, chemical and technological properties of maize grains. Each experiment included 18 treatments which were the combination of 3 treatments of irrigation (A 1- Irrigation every 12 days, A2- Irrigation every 12 days and skipping 3~ irrigation and A3- Irrigation every 12 days and skipping 4ih irrigation) and 6 levels of nitrogen as foliar application at flowering stage (0.0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N/ faddan). The nitrogen was applied in a form of urea (46 % N). The treatments in the three seasons were arranged in split plot design with four replications. The main plots were devoted to the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen fertilizer levels occupied the sub-plots. The area of each sub- plot was 46 m2 (5.75 x 8 m) 911.30 faddan contained 10 ridges which were 80 em apart and 5.75 m length. The distance between hills were 25 em apart. The outer two rows (l~ and loth) were considered as border rows. The vegetative samples were taken from two - 202 - rows which were 8~g and gt~ to determine the dry matter and growth measurements. The grain and straw yields and yield components were taken from four rows which were 3rd.. , 4th, 5!h and 6~ which equal to 18.4 m2 and calculated per faddan (4200 m2). The phosphorus fertilizer was applied at a level of 32 kg P20S per fadden in a form of calcium super-phosphate (16 % P205) to all treatments before sowing time. C-h-ar-a-ct-e-rs--s-tu-d-ie-d-: 1- -Gr-o-w-t-h--me-a-s-u-re-ments • The following data were recorded for determining characters of 10 plants (chosen at random for each treatment of every replication at 60 and 90 days from sowing during the three successive seasons of the experiment to estimate the following characters : 1- Plant height in em. 2- Ear height in em. 3- Stem diameter in cm. 4- Number of green leaves per plant. 5= Leaf area index. 6- Total .dry weight per plant in gm, 7- Time of 50 % tasseling per days. 8- Time of 50 % silking per days. - 203 - 11- Yield Rnd yie~d ££~ponents : l- Ear length in em, 2- Ear diameter in em, 3- Cob diameter in c m, 4- Number of rows per ear. 5- Number of grains per row. 6- Number of grains per ear. 7- 100- grain weight in gm. 8- Grain weight per ear in gm. 9- Shelling percentage. 10- Grain yield ton per f’addan, 11- straw yield ton per faddan. 1- The percentage of testa to total grain. 2- The percentage of endosperm to total grain. 3- The percentage of embryo to total grain. 4- Bulk density gml cm3• 5- True density gml cm3• 6- Hectolitter weight in gm. 7- Crude protein percentage. 8- Oil percentage. - 20L{- 1- Growth measurements : A- Effect of the irri~ation treatments: (A) x The plant height and leaf area index at 60 and 90 days from sowing, number of green leaves per plant at 60 days, ear height, time of 50 % tasseling and silking were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest values of the plant height, leaf area index at 60 and 90 days and ear height were obtained when received the all irrigations. However, the highest value of the number of green leaves per plant and leaf area index at 60 days and time of 50 % silking were obtained when 50 % skipping the fourth irrigation, whereas the tiule of 50 % tasseling was obtained when skipping the third irrigation. ~ The stem diameter and total dry weight at 60 and 90 days and number of green leaves per plant at 90 days were not significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the three seasons. - ’’-)05 - B- Effect of th~_nitrogen fo~i~r aEplication:(B) x The plant height at 60 and 90 days, leaf area index and total dry weight at 60 days, ear height and time of silking were significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. k The highest values of the plant height at 60 and 90 days, leaf area index and total dry weight at 60 days, ear height and time of 50 % silking were obtained when applied 40, 100, 40, 100, 100 and 20 kg NI fadden levels, respectively. x The stem diameter and number of green leaves per plant at 60 and 90 days, leaf area index and total dry weight per plant at 90 days and time of 50 % tasseling were not significantly affected by the nitrogen levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. c- Effect of the interact ion: (AB) ~ The plant height and leaf area index at 60 days, total dry weight per plant at 60 and 90 days, time of 50 % tasseling and 50 % silking were significantly affected by the interaction between the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest values of the plant height at 60 days and total dry weight at 90 days were obtained from the irrigation treatment (AI) when all irrigations were applied the leaf area index and total dry weight at 60 days and time of 50 % silking were obtained when obtained when skipping the fourth irrigation and the time of 50 % tasseling vas obtained when skipping the third irrigation with 40, 100, 60, 100, 20 and 40 kg N/ faddan, respectively. A- Effect of the irrigation treatments : (A) h The ear diameter, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest values of the ear diameter and grain weight per ear were obtained when the all irrigations were used,whereas the highest value of shelling percentage was obtained when skipping the third irrigation. h The ear length, cob diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and per ear and 100- - 207 grain weight were nDt significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the three se as ons , x The grain and straw yields ton per feddan were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in two seasons out Df three as well as in the cDmbined analysis of the three seasons. :;c; The highest value Df the grain yield was Dbtained when received the all irrigations, whereas· the straw yield was obtained when skipping the fDurth irrigation. ~ The ear length and number Df grains per row were significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar applicatiDn in the combined analysis of the three seasons • l:: The highest values of the ear length and number of grains per row were obtained at 40 and 80 kg NI faddan levels, respectively. ~ The differences between the averages of ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows, grains and grain weight per eart 100- grain weight, as well as shelling percentage were not signif·cant as affected by the nitrogen levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The grain yield ton per faddan was significantly affected by the nitrogen foliar application levels in the three seasons as well as in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest value of the grain yield was obtained from the unfertilized treatment in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The straw yield was not significantly affected in two seasons out of three as well as in the combined analysis of the three seasons. c- ~ffect of the interacti~g_~ (AB) :I: The ear leneth, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and per ear, 100- grain weisht, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were not significantly affected by the interaction between the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen fertilizer as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The differences between the averages of grain yield was significant in one season out of three as well - 209 - as in the combined analysis of the three seasons due to the interaction between the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen foliar application. * The highest value of the grain yield per faddan was obtained when received the all irrigations with unfertilized treatment, whereas the lowest one was obtained when skipping the fourth irrigation with 100 kg NI faddan. h The straw yield per faddan was not significantly affected in one season out of three as well as in the combined analysis of the three seasons due to the interaction between the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen fertilizer as foliar application. - ~lC A- Effect of the irrigation treatments: (A) ~ The testa and the endosperm percentages were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the three seasons. ~ The highest values of the testa and the endosperm percentages were obtained when received the all ir.igations (AI). x The differences between the averages of embryo percentage, bulk and true densities, hectolitter weight, crude protein and oil percentages were not significant as affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the three seasons. * The testa, endosperm, embryo and crude protein percentages were significantly affected by the nitrogen levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. _ ’Phetesta, endosperm and crude protein percentages increased and the embryo percentage decreased by increasing the nitrOGen levels as foliar application. ~ The highest values of the testa, endosperm, embryo and crude protein percentages were obtained when received 100, 80, 20 and 100 kg 11 faddan, respectively. * The bulk and true densities, hectolitter weight and oil percentage were not sionificantly affected due to the nitrOGen foliar application levels in the combined analysis of the three seasons. c- Effect of the i~teracti£g_~ (AB) x The endooperm and embryo percentages were significantly affected due to the interaction between the irrigation tr atments and the nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of the three seasons. * The highest value of the endosperm percentage was obtained by skipping the fourth irrigation with 80 kg NI faddan, whereas the embryo percentage was obtained when skipping the third irrigation with 2Q kg N/faddan. xThe differences between the averages of testa percentage, bulk and true densities, hectolitter weight, crude protein and oil percentages were not significant due to the interaction between the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar application ’n the co.bined analysis of the three seasons. |