الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 257 |  |  |
| | | from | 257 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY
1- FIHSrr STUDY
Three field experiments fere carried out at
Sids Agricultural Research Station, Beni- Suef Governorate,
Agricultural Research Center during 1983 ;
1984 and 1985 seasons to study the response of maize
plants to irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilizer
levels on the 17rowth, yield and yield components,
chemical as well as tecJmological properties of maize
grains.
Each expe r-i.merrt included 21 treatments which
were the combination of three intervals of irrigation
(6, 12 and 18 days) and seven levels of nitrogen fertilizers
(0.0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg N/faddan).
The treatments in the three seasons were arranged in
split plot design with four replications. The irrigation
treatments occupied the main plot and the sub-plots
were devoted to the nitrogen fertilizer levelso The area
of each sub-plot was 46 m2 (5~75 x 8 m) gr~n faddan
co tained 10 ridges which were 80 cm apart and 5.75 m
length. The distance between hills were 25 em apart •
The outer two rows (l~ and loth) were considered as
bot’der rows. he vegetative samples were taken from two
rows which were 8th and 9~ to determine the dry matter
and growth measurements. The grain and straw yields
and yield components were taken from four rows which
were 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th which equal to 18.4 m2 and
calculated per faddan (4200 m2).
The phosphorus fertilizer was applied at a
level of 32 kg P20S per faddan in a form of calcium
super-phosphate (16 % P205) to all treatments before
sowing time.
Characte s studied
1- Growth measurements :
The followine data were recorded for determining
characters of 10 plants (chosen at random for
each t r-eat.ne nt of every replication at 60 and 90 days
from sowing during the three successive seasons of the
experiment to estimate the following characters :
1- Plant heieht in em.
2- Ear height in em.
3- Stem dialeter in em.
4- Number of green leaves per plant.
5- Leaf area index.
6- Total dry weight per plant in gm.
7- Time of 50 % tasseling per days.
8- Time of 50 % silking per days.
- lS.3 -
11- g~!.d_~9.._~ie~d comEo~~~-.:..
l- Ear length in em.
2- Ear diameter in em.
3- Cob diameter in em.
4- Number of rows per ear.
5- umber of grains per row ..
6- Number of grains per ear.
7- 100- grain weieht in gro..
8- Grain weieht per ear in gro••
9- Shelling percentage.
10- Grain yield ton per faddan.
11- Straw yield ton per faddan.
111- Chemical and teehnolo&ieal~roper~~
1- ’rhe percentage of testa tot otal grain.
2- The percentage of endosperm to total grain.
.3- The percentage of embryo to total grain.
4- Bulk density gm/ em
3”
5- True density gm/ em3 •
6- Heetolitter weight in gm.
7- Crude protein percentage ..
8- Oil percentage.
- lC)·l -
The followi~g are the most imEortant-Ee§~lt~
1- -Gr-o-wt-h-m-e-a-su-r-em-e-nt-s- :
:J{. ’I’he plant he i.glrt at 60 and 90 days and ear
height were siGnificantly affected by the irrigation
intervals in the combined analysis of the three seasons.
The highest value of plant heieht at 60 and 90 days
from the sowino and the ear height were obtained from
the irrigation interval namely 6 days, whereas the
lowest values were obtained from the irrigation interval
every 18 dayso The stem diameter and leaf area
index at 90 days were sienificantly affected by the irrigation
intervals in the combined analysiso The highest
values of the stem diameter and leaf area index at
90 days were obtained from the irrigation interval namely
6 days,
; The total d~J weight at 60 days was significantly
affected by the irrigation intervals in the combined
analysis. The highest value was obtained from
the irrigation interval namely 12 days.
~ The stem diameter and leaf area index at 60
days, number of green leaves per plant at 60 and 90 days,
total dry weight at 90 days, time of 50 % tasseling and
time of 50 % silking were not significant due to the
- 105
irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of the
three seasons.
B- Effect of the~itrogen fertilizer leve~s : (p)
~~heplant height, stem diameter, number of
green leaves per plant, leaf area index, total dry
weieht at 60 and 90 days, ear height, time of tasseling
and time a+” silking were siguificantly affected
by the nitrofi,enfertilizer levels in the combined analysis
of the three seasons.
~ The highest values of the plant height and
total dry weight at 60 and 90 days, stem diameter at
60 days, number of green leaves per plant and leaf
area index at 90 days were obtained when received 120
kg NI faddan and the stem diameter at 90 days, number
of green leaves and leaf area index at 60 days were
obtained when recetved 100 kg NI faddan.
x The time of 50 tasseling and 50 % silking increased
by decreasing the nitrogen fertilizer levels. The
time of tasseling and silking were obtained from unfertilized
treatIllent(ccrrt rol)e
c- ~~of the interaction ~ (AB)
h The stem diameter and leaf area index at 90
days were sienificantly affected by the interactions
- 196 -
between the irrigation intervals and the nitrogen fertilizer
rates in the combined analysis of the three
seasons. The highest values of the stem diameter and
leaf area index at 90 days were obtained from the irri8ation
interval namely 6 days with 120 and 80 kg NI
faddan, whereas the lowest values were obtained from
the irrigation intervals every 18 and 6 days under
zero kg NI faddan, respectively.
11- !~~~~~nd.y~e~-££~E£ne~~~~
A- !!.fect of !he2:EE.~~ti.9.~-lnterv_al_s l (A)
~ The ear diameter was significantly affected
by the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis
of the three seasons. The hiehest value of the ear
diameter was obtained from the irrigation interval
namely 12 days .•
~ The ear length, cob diameter, number of raws
per ear, number of grains per row and per ear, lOO-grains
weight, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage were
not significantly affected by the irrigation intervals
in the combined analysis of the three seasons.
x The differences between the averages of the
grain yield toni faddan were not significant in two
seasons out of three and in the combined analysis of
- 197 -
the three seasons due to the irrigation intervals.
The highest grain yield I faddan was obtained from the
irrigation interval namely 12 days in the combined analysis.
~ The straw yield toni fadden was significantly
affected in two seasons out of three and in the combined
analysis of the three seasons due to the irrigation
intervals. The highest value of straw yield was obtained
from the irrigation interval namely 6 days in the
combined analysis of the three seasons.
~ The ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter ,
number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and per
ear, 100- grain weight, grain weight per ear and shelling
percentage were significantly affected by the nitrogen
fertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the
three seasons. The highest values of the ear length,
ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains
per ear, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage
were obtained when received 120 kg NI faddan, whereas
the cob diameter, number of grains per row and 100 -
grain weight were obtained at 100 kg NI feddan level.
- 18-
~ The grain and straw yields per faddan were
significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer levels
in the three seasons as well as the combined analysis of
the three growing seasons. The highest values of the
grain and straw yield/ faddan were obtained when applied
120 kg N/ faddan.
c- Effect of the interaction: (AB)
x The differences between the averages of the
ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows
per ear, number of grains per row and per ear, 100 -
grain weieht, grain weight per ear and shelling percentage
were not significant due to the interaction between
the irrigation intervals and the nitrogen fertilizer
levels in the combined analysis of the three seaSons •
~ The differences between the averages of the
grain and straw yields ton per faddan were significant
due to the interaction between the irrigation intervals
and the nitrogen fertilizer level in one season out of
three as well as in the combined analysis of the three
seasons. The highest values of the grain and straw
yields were obtained from the irrigation interval namely
6 days with 120 wld 80 kg N/ faddan levels in the grain
and straw yields, respectively.
- 19tj -
111- Chemical and technolo~~!-EroEerties :
A- Effect of.the_ir!i~ati~ntervals .)Y.: (ft.)
~ The endosperm percentage, embryo percentage,
bulk density, hectolitter weight, crude protein percentage
and oil percentage were significantly affected by
the irrigation intervals in the combined analysis of
the three seasons.
-k The highest values of the embryo and oil percentages
were obtained from the irrigation interval
namely 6 days. The endosperm and crude protein percentages
were obtained from the irrigation intervals namely
12 days and the bulk density and hectolitter weight
were obtained from the irrigation interval every 18
days.
* The testa percentage and true density were not
significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in
the combined analysis of the three seasons.
B- !f!~£i-£!-the ~itroBe~rtilizer levels -l (B)
k The testa, endosperm and crude protein percentages
were significantly affected by the nitrogen
fertilizer levels in the combined analysis of the three
seasons.
~ The testa percentage decreased, whereas the
endosperm and crude protein percentages increased by
- 200 -
increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rateso The highest
value of the testa percentage was obtained from the
unfertilized treatment and the endosperm and crude protein
percentages were obtained when received 120 kg N/
faddan.
~ The embryo percentage, bulk and true densities,
hectolitter weight and oil percentage were not
significant due to the nitrogen fertilizer rates in
the combined analysis of the three seasons.
c- Effect of the interaction : (AB)
x The testa, endosperm and embryo percentages
and bulk density were significantly affected, whereas
the true density, hectolitter weight, crude protein
percentage and oil percentage were not significant due
to the interaction between the irrigation intervals
and the nitrogen fertilizer levels in the combined analysis
of the three seasons.
~ The highest values of the testa and embryo
percentages were obtained from the irrigation interval
namely 6 days, whereas the end osperm percent age and bulk
density were obtained from the irrigation interval namely
18 days with 0, 100, 100 and 20 kg N/faddan, respectively.
- 201 -
11- SECOND STUDY
Three field experiments were carried out at
Sids Agricultural Research Station, Beni- Suef Governorate
Agricultural Research Center during 1983, 1984,
and 1985 gro~ing seasons to study the response of maize
plants to irrigation treatments and nitrogen fertilizer
levels as foliar application on growth, yield and yield
components, chemical and technological properties of
maize grains. Each experiment included 18 treatments
which were the combination of 3 treatments of irrigation
(A 1- Irrigation every 12 days, A2- Irrigation
every 12 days and skipping 3~ irrigation and A3- Irrigation
every 12 days and skipping 4ih irrigation) and 6
levels of nitrogen as foliar application at flowering
stage (0.0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N/ faddan). The
nitrogen was applied in a form of urea (46 % N). The
treatments in the three seasons were arranged in split
plot design with four replications. The main plots were
devoted to the irrigation treatments and the nitrogen
fertilizer levels occupied the sub-plots. The area of
each sub- plot was 46 m2 (5.75 x 8 m) 911.30 faddan
contained 10 ridges which were 80 em apart and 5.75 m
length. The distance between hills were 25 em apart.
The outer two rows (l~ and loth) were considered as
border rows. The vegetative samples were taken from two
- 202 -
rows which were 8~g and gt~ to determine the dry matter
and growth measurements. The grain and straw yields
and yield components were taken from four rows which
were 3rd.. , 4th, 5!h and 6~ which equal to 18.4 m2 and
calculated per faddan (4200 m2). The phosphorus fertilizer
was applied at a level of 32 kg P20S per fadden
in a form of calcium super-phosphate (16 % P205) to all
treatments before sowing time.
C-h-ar-a-ct-e-rs--s-tu-d-ie-d-:
1- -Gr-o-w-t-h--me-a-s-u-re-ments •
The following data were recorded for determining
characters of 10 plants (chosen at random for each treatment
of every replication at 60 and 90 days from sowing
during the three successive seasons of the experiment to
estimate the following characters :
1- Plant height in em.
2- Ear height in em.
3- Stem diameter in cm.
4- Number of green leaves per plant.
5= Leaf area index.
6- Total .dry weight per plant in gm,
7- Time of 50 % tasseling per days.
8- Time of 50 % silking per days.
- 203 -
11- Yield Rnd yie~d ££~ponents :
l- Ear length in em,
2- Ear diameter in em,
3- Cob diameter in c m,
4- Number of rows per ear.
5- Number of grains per row.
6- Number of grains per ear.
7- 100- grain weight in gm.
8- Grain weight per ear in gm.
9- Shelling percentage.
10- Grain yield ton per f’addan,
11- straw yield ton per faddan.
1- The percentage of testa to total grain.
2- The percentage of endosperm to total grain.
3- The percentage of embryo to total grain.
4- Bulk density gml cm3•
5- True density gml cm3•
6- Hectolitter weight in gm.
7- Crude protein percentage.
8- Oil percentage.
- 20L{-
1- Growth measurements :
A- Effect of the irri~ation treatments: (A)
x The plant height and leaf area index at 60
and 90 days from sowing, number of green leaves per
plant at 60 days, ear height, time of 50 % tasseling
and silking were significantly affected by the irrigation
treatments in the combined analysis of the three
seasons.
~ The highest values of the plant height, leaf
area index at 60 and 90 days and ear height were obtained
when received the all irrigations. However, the
highest value of the number of green leaves per plant
and leaf area index at 60 days and time of 50 % silking
were obtained when 50 % skipping the fourth irrigation,
whereas the tiule of 50 % tasseling was obtained when
skipping the third irrigation.
~ The stem diameter and total dry weight at 60
and 90 days and number of green leaves per plant at
90 days were not significantly affected by the irrigation
treatments in the combined analysis of the three
seasons.
- ’’-)05 -
B- Effect of th~_nitrogen fo~i~r aEplication:(B)
x The plant height at 60 and 90 days, leaf area
index and total dry weight at 60 days, ear height and
time of silking were significantly affected by the
nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar application in
the combined analysis of the three seasons.
k The highest values of the plant height at 60
and 90 days, leaf area index and total dry weight at
60 days, ear height and time of 50 % silking were obtained
when applied 40, 100, 40, 100, 100 and 20 kg NI
fadden levels, respectively.
x The stem diameter and number of green leaves
per plant at 60 and 90 days, leaf area index and total
dry weight per plant at 90 days and time of 50 % tasseling
were not significantly affected by the nitrogen
levels as foliar application in the combined analysis
of the three seasons.
c- Effect of the interact ion: (AB)
~ The plant height and leaf area index at 60
days, total dry weight per plant at 60 and 90 days,
time of 50 % tasseling and 50 % silking were significantly
affected by the interaction between the irrigation
treatments and the nitrogen levels as foliar application
in the combined analysis of the three seasons.
~ The highest values of the plant height at 60
days and total dry weight at 90 days were obtained from
the irrigation treatment (AI) when all irrigations were
applied the leaf area index and total dry weight at
60 days and time of 50 % silking were obtained when obtained
when skipping the fourth irrigation and the time
of 50 % tasseling vas obtained when skipping the third
irrigation with 40, 100, 60, 100, 20 and 40 kg N/ faddan,
respectively.
A- Effect of the irrigation treatments : (A)
h The ear diameter, grain weight per ear and
shelling percentage were significantly affected by the
irrigation treatments in the combined analysis of the
three seasons.
~ The highest values of the ear diameter and
grain weight per ear were obtained when the all irrigations
were used,whereas the highest value of shelling
percentage was obtained when skipping the third irrigation.
h The ear length, cob diameter, number of rows
per ear, number of grains per row and per ear and 100-
- 207
grain weight were nDt significantly affected by the irrigation
treatments in the combined analysis of the three
se as ons ,
x The grain and straw yields ton per feddan were
significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in
two seasons out Df three as well as in the cDmbined analysis
of the three seasons.
:;c; The highest value Df the grain yield was Dbtained
when received the all irrigations, whereas· the
straw yield was obtained when skipping the fDurth irrigation.
~ The ear length and number Df grains per row
were significantly affected by the nitrogen fertilizer
levels as foliar applicatiDn in the combined analysis
of the three seasons •
l:: The highest values of the ear length and number
of grains per row were obtained at 40 and 80 kg NI
faddan levels, respectively.
~ The differences between the averages of ear
diameter, cob diameter, number of rows, grains and grain
weight per eart 100- grain weight, as well as shelling
percentage were not signif·cant as affected by the
nitrogen levels as foliar application in the combined
analysis of the three seasons.
~ The grain yield ton per faddan was significantly
affected by the nitrogen foliar application levels
in the three seasons as well as in the combined analysis
of the three seasons.
~ The highest value of the grain yield was obtained
from the unfertilized treatment in the combined
analysis of the three seasons.
~ The straw yield was not significantly affected
in two seasons out of three as well as in the combined
analysis of the three seasons.
c- ~ffect of the interacti~g_~ (AB)
:I: The ear leneth, ear diameter, cob diameter,
number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and
per ear, 100- grain weisht, grain weight per ear and
shelling percentage were not significantly affected by
the interaction between the irrigation treatments and
the nitrogen fertilizer as foliar application in the
combined analysis of the three seasons.
~ The differences between the averages of grain
yield was significant in one season out of three as well
- 209 -
as in the combined analysis of the three seasons due
to the interaction between the irrigation treatments
and the nitrogen foliar application.
* The highest value of the grain yield per faddan
was obtained when received the all irrigations with
unfertilized treatment, whereas the lowest one was obtained
when skipping the fourth irrigation with 100 kg
NI faddan.
h The straw yield per faddan was not significantly
affected in one season out of three as well as in
the combined analysis of the three seasons due to the
interaction between the irrigation treatments and the
nitrogen fertilizer as foliar application.
- ~lC
A- Effect of the irrigation treatments: (A)
~ The testa and the endosperm percentages were
significantly affected by the irrigation treatments in
the combined analysis of the three seasons.
~ The highest values of the testa and the endosperm
percentages were obtained when received the all
ir.igations (AI).
x The differences between the averages of embryo
percentage, bulk and true densities, hectolitter weight,
crude protein and oil percentages were not significant
as affected by the irrigation treatments in the combined
analysis of the three seasons.
* The testa, endosperm, embryo and crude protein
percentages were significantly affected by the nitrogen
levels as foliar application in the combined analysis of
the three seasons.
_ ’Phetesta, endosperm and crude protein percentages
increased and the embryo percentage decreased by
increasing the nitrOGen levels as foliar application.
~ The highest values of the testa, endosperm,
embryo and crude protein percentages were obtained
when received 100, 80, 20 and 100 kg 11 faddan, respectively.
* The bulk and true densities, hectolitter
weight and oil percentage were not sionificantly affected
due to the nitrOGen foliar application levels in
the combined analysis of the three seasons.
c- Effect of the i~teracti£g_~ (AB)
x The endooperm and embryo percentages were significantly
affected due to the interaction between the
irrigation tr atments and the nitrogen fertilizer levels
as foliar application in the combined analysis of the
three seasons.
* The highest value of the endosperm percentage
was obtained by skipping the fourth irrigation with 80
kg NI faddan, whereas the embryo percentage was obtained
when skipping the third irrigation with 2Q kg N/faddan.
xThe differences between the averages of testa
percentage, bulk and true densities, hectolitter weight,
crude protein and oil percentages were not significant
due to the interaction between the irrigation treatments
and the nitrogen fertilizer levels as foliar
application ’n the co.bined analysis of the three
seasons.