الفهرس Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 230 |  |  |
| | | from | 230 | | |
Abstract
The heart diseases and hardening of the arteries is considered a problem in the world in developed and developing countries and had become one of the factors leading to death. Pattern of food consumption is one of the most important factors of heart disease atherosclerosis ,but antioxidants in food plays an important role to perevent it.
WHO recommended that we must increase natural food consumption from vegetables and fruits, especially those containing antioxidants.
The berries are trees growing in the Egyptian environment and the mulberry fruits appear to contain antioxidants, which include anthocyanine, carotinoides, different vitamins such as A, C and E and phenolics.
Mulberry fruit, leaves and its extracts are one of the important sources of antioxidant, vitamins and minerals in our diets. Especially, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanina and tannins and vitamins C and E are frequently present. Many of these compounds exhibit a wide range of biological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory vasodilatory actions and hypocholesterolemic agent . Cholesterol is used to form cell membrances, some hormones and is needed for other functions. But a high level of cholesterol in the blood ( hypercholesterolemic) is a major risk factor for atherosclerosls and coronary heart disease which leads to heart attack.
The main aim of this work is to study effect of antioxidants of two types of mulberry fruits and leaves and their extracts in modulating lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic rats.
This was achieved by chemical studies, biological studies, biochemical studies and pathological studies on hundred and fifty six, male albino rats – weighting (140 – 150gm) which were obtained from Helwan farm. The rats were divided into 2 main groups.
The first group (6 rats) fed on basal diet as a (negative control), the second group (150 rats) fed two weeks on basal diet containing + cholesterol 1% and bile salts 0.5% to induce hypercholesterolemia.
The hypercholesterolemic rats were divided randomly into 25 sub groups (n = 6) according to the following schem:
First group: Fed on basal diet + 1% cholesterol + 0.5% bile salts (positive control).
Groups (2, 3, 4): hypercholestrolemic diet + extract of black mulberry fruits in level 1, 2, 5%.
Groups (5, 6, 7): hypercholesterolemic diet + extract of black mulberry leaves in level 1, 2, 5%.
Groups (8, 9, 10): hypercholesterolemic diet + powder of black mulberry fruits in level 1, 2, 5%.
Groups (11, 12, 13): hypercholesterolemic diet + extract of white mulberry fruits in level 1, 2,5%.
Groups (14, 15, 16): hypercholesterolemic diet + extract of white mulberry fruit in level 1, 2, 5%.
Groups (17, 18, 19): hypercholesterolemic diet + extract of white mulberry leaves in level 1, 2,5%.
Groups (20, 21, 22): hypercholesterolmic diet + powder of white mulberry fruit, in level 1, 2,5%.
Groups (23, 24, 25): hypercholesterolemic diet + powder of white mulberry leaves in level 1, 2, 5%.
The biological experiment, lasted 5 weeks. The expense of food/day and the weight of rats every two days were taken.
Therefore, the biological experimental on hyperglycemic rats using mulberry fruits, leaves and its extracts at different concentration and the total lipid, total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at the end of experimental (5 weeks) in the serum and liver. Also, kidney and liver function were determined at the end of experimental and the results are summarized as follows:
1-White and black mulberry fruits and its leaves were estimated for its content of moisture, protein, ether extract, total ash, total dietary fiber and total hydrolysable carbohydrates.
2-Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotonoids chlorophyll, anthocyanins, tannins, vitamin C and E and some minerals (copper, magnisum, zinc and selenium) were determined in white and black mulberry fruits and its leaves. The results reported that the mulberry fruits are rich in antioxidant such as total phenolic flavonoids and anthocyanine and vitamins C and E. whereas, mulberry leaves are rich in total chlorophyll.
3-The antioxidant activity of mulberry fruits and leaves extract at different concentrations (1, 2 and 5%) compared with butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) and rutin were added to corn oil. The stability of all samples were determined by measuring the changes in peroxide value after heating at 180oC for six days (4hr. heating / day). Efficiency of the antioxidants extracted from mulberry fruits and leaves were in order to black mulberry fruit > white mulberry fruit > white mulberry leave > black mulberry leave.
4-Biological evaluation:
The main purpose of this experiments was to envisage the effects of mulberry fruits and its leaves and their extracts on the growth hypercholesterolemic rats Total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol were determined in serum and livers. Also, liver and kidney functions and low and high density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) were determined in serum hypercholesterolemic rats and the results are summarized as follows:
1.The total lipids level in normal rats was 297.96 mg/dL at the end of experiment (5 weeks). Total lipid level in hypercholesterolemic rats was At the end of experimet the hypercholesterolemic rats fed 5% white and black leaves were 407.41 and 403.59 mg/dL. whereas, white and black fruits were 394.63 and 384.03 mg/dL. Moreover, white and black leaves and fruits extracts had content 410.84, 396.88, 405.55 and 342.0 mg/dL, respectively.
2.the content of total cholesterol in normal rats was 181.03 mg/dL and hypercholesterolemic rats was 293.29 mg/dL. The total cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats fed on 5% white and black mulberry leaves and fruits and its extracts at the end of experiment were as follow, 234.80 and 231.25 mg/dL in leaves, 221.27 and 212.8 mg/dL in fruits, 225.77 and 227.82 mg/dL in leaves extract and 239.91 and 225.72 md/dL in fruits extract, respectively.
3.the content of triglycerides in normal rats was 181.50 mg/dL at the end of experimental and hypercholesterolemic rats was 242.33 mg/dL fed on basal diets. The results recorded the content of triglycerides in hypercholesterolemic rats fed on white and black leaves were 156.76 and 151.64 mg/dL white and balck fruits were 127.06 and 116.23 mg/dL, leaves extract were 162.37 and 161.70 mg/dL and fruits extract were 132.27 and 125.42 mg/dL, respectively at the end of experiment.
4.mulberry leaves, fruits and its extract were fed to the hypercholesterolemic rats and the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined and the results are summarized as follows:
low density lipoprotein in the hypercholesterolemic rats fed on basal diets was 178.59 mg/dL at the end of experimental. The white and black mulberry leaves and fruits fed to the hypercholesterolemic rats,: gave the following results : the LDL were 98.8, 98.07, 93.63 and 91.97 mg/dL, respectively at 5% levels. The extracts of white and black mulberry leaves and fruits extracts gave the following results : 105.87, 103.7, 103.73 and 98.83 mg/dL, respectively at the end of experimental at 5% levels.
High density lipoprotein (HDL) content in hypercholesterolemic rats fed on white and black mulberry leaves and fruits powder and extract 5% level, were as follow, leaves and fruits powder were 48.13, 44.17, 45.17 and 41.03 mg/dL respectively. whereas, white and black mulberry leaves and fruits extract had 46.17, 47.1, 49.63 and 42.53 mg/dL respectively the hypercholesterolemic rats fed on basal diet was 79.58 mg/dL.
5.Liver Total lipids, total cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in the normal and hypercholesterolemic rats fed on mulberry leaves fruit and their extract. The results reported that the normal and hypercholesterolemic rats fed on basal diets, the total lipid was 4.57 and 9.03g/100g. the white leaves, fruit and their extract at 5% level were 5.2 and 4.97g/100g and their extract 5.07 and 4.8g/100g, respectively. whereas black mulberry were 5.07 and 4.8g/100g and 4.63g/100g respectively at the end of experimental. The total cholesterol in white mulberry was 0.6 and 0.52g/100g and their extract 0.6 and 0.47g/100g, respectively. Also black mulberry was 0.61 and 0.51g/100g and its extract 0.58 and 0.45g/100g respectively compared with hypercholesterolemic rats fed on basal diet. Moreover, triglycerides were significant decreased in liver hypercholesterolemic rats fed on mulberry leaves and fruits and its extracts.
6.the effect of mulberry leaves and fruits and its extract on liver function on hypercholesterolemic rats, the results showed that the black mulberry fruits and leaves and its extracts were every close changed than the results from white mulberry. This means the black and white mulberry gave the same effects on the liver functions.
7.the effect of mulberry leaves and fruits and its extracts, the results gave the same effect of liver function on the hypercholesterolemic rats at the end of experimental on 5% concentration.
8.the results showed that the effect of mulberry white and black on kidney functions in hypercholesterolemic rats, that the hypercholesterolemic rats control the highest 8.83 I /L, whereas normal control had content 3.36 I /L, moreover, the effect of mulberry white leave on uric acid, urea, and crealinine were significantly increased 4.1, 21.77 and 0.72 I /L respectively at 5% fed level than normal control fed basal diet, the effect of mulberry fruits at 5% fed level on the same parameter were significantly increased 4.1, 21.2 and 0.65 I /L respectively compared with normal control rats. Too showed the effect of black mulberry leaves and fruits at 5% fed on kidney functions, the results showed that the effect of black mulberry equal and nearly from white mulberry leaves and fruits results. The effect of mulberry leaves, fruits and extracts on rat hypercholesterolemic group. The normal control had contained 3.26 I /L whereas hypercholesterolemic rats fed on basal diet significant increased 8.83 I /L, moreover the effect of black and white mulberry leaves and fruits extracts on kidney functions at 5% fed level, the results very close changed about white and black mulberry leaves and fruits 5% fed level.
9.The Histological Picture of the liver of positive control group showed marking vacuolation of hepatocytes. Area of necrosis with dissolution of nuclei of hepatocytes are evident.
In respect to the rats group hypercholesterolemic fed on diet supplemented with black mulberry ( fruits ,leaves and their extracts ) have more prominent effect and gave Good results at 5% level, compared with hypercholesterolemic rats was fed on white mulberry.
In the end, recommended this that:
•Hypercholesterolemic people should be encouraged to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables specially those contain on antioxidants as berries.
•People awareness of benefits of mulberry and its use as leaves and fruits in modulating lipid profile.
•Fruits and vegetable should be included in hypercholesterolemic diet programs.
•Attention must be paid to role of dietary fat and cholesterol in incidence of atherosclerosis and heart diseases.