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Abstract
Most newborn babies breathe (cry even) spontaneously and establish an effective circulation more or less immediately at birth. A series of complex physiological changes, especially in the respiratory and cardiovascular system, occur at and around time of birth. Knowledge of these changes forms an important basis for the practice of newborn resuscitation. A small proportion of babies do not establish spontaneous
effective breathing at birth. This is most commonly due to varying degree of perinatal asphyxia, but may be due to other causes or risk factors which are maternal, foetal, and intapartum factors.