الفهرس 
نظم التغذيه السائده لكل من الضان والماعزOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.
V. SUMMARY
The present study was aimed to measure IPM adoption at apple orchards in three different regions, in Syria, i.e. El-Marrana (Tartous Governorate), Daher El-Jabal (As- Sweida Governorate), and Sirghaya (Rif Dimashq Governorate). The investigation extended to include evaluation the role of DD models for predicating the generation time of population of the key insect pest in apple orchards, codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.). Also, to propose appropriate program for management the pest, under the local conditions. The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
Data extracted from the answers of questionnaired growers of apple orchards indicated that:
A. Analysis study of the current status for pest control practices
in apple orchards at the tested regions
1. There were significant differences between the three regions in terms of area, age of trees, irrigation system, time of pruning, type of fertilizer, number of tillage, control weeds, intercropping and trees distance.
2. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) was the most important insect pest attack apple orchards. Also the opinions of farmers about effectiveness of pheromone traps in monitoring and controlling the codling moth were no different. In addition, there were no significant differences between their opinions about the reasons of control failure.
3. There were highly significant differences in terms of the used insecticides, the number of sprays, choosing the used insecticides by the farmers, the source of advice about that choosing, the containers disposal and the spray after mid- August in the three regions.
4. The educational level of growers was high similar, while their knowledge’s about the damage, problem of residues and important side effects of the intensive use of pesticides and IPM system were differed significantly.
5. There is a high significant difference in the answers of farmers as to the productivity of orchard, style of dealing with the fruits at post-harvest and post-harvest treatment. It was found that all the farmers are not asked by the traders, if they used insecticides or not.
6. Insecticides group come in the first order, followed by fungicides in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya regions. whereas the contrary In El-Marrana region. Regardless the region the most common insecticides used were Esfenvalerate, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cypermethrin and (Deltamethrin + Dimethoate).
7. Generally, there were significant correlation between the educational level and some current practices which carried out in apple orchards in each region.
8. There was relationship between current control practices and codling moth status. For example, in El-Marrana region: the level of occurrence of codling moth correlated significantly with each of the control methods, insecticides used, and number of sprays. The same finding was observed in Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya, more were the use of pheromone traps was associated significantly with the status of codling moth infestation.
9. There was a significant relationship between current practices of weeds control and spread weeds in apple orchards in the three tested regions.
10. The adoption of IPM practices in the tested regions could be classified in four categories according to adopted scale (from 0 to 10 points): conventional control level (0- 2.5 pts), entry level IPM (2.6- 5 pts), intermediate level IPM (5.1- 7.5 pts) and biointensive level IPM (7.6- 10 pts). According to this scale range, the adoption of three regions was 3.9, 4.9 and 2.8 points respectively. Therefore, the three regions come in the entry level IPM.
B. Utilize degree- day (DD) as a practical tool for IPM decisions
1. Results concerning the seasonal activity of codling moth based on the weekly number of captured male moths by sex pheromone traps in apple orchards during season 2008, in the three regions revealed that the activity of codling moth extended from April to September. In El-Marrana, 3 peaks were recorded. While in both Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya were appeared two peaks.
2. There was a relationship between population density of the codling moth and mean temperature as will as length of day. Data showed a positive significant correlation coefficients for both factors in the three regions, respectively. In the contrary, the data revealed non significant correlation coefficients with the relative humidity.
3. Using sex pheromone traps in conjunction with the day-degrees (DD ºC) model. Results show that the codling moth had three generations in El-Marrana, and two generations, with a partial third generation, in both the Daher El-Jabal and Sirghaya. On the other hand, the first biofix was required 61.9, 49.5, and 61.7 DD after mid-March, in three regions respectively.
4. Based on the model used (DegDay), a simple table to calculate accumulated DD instead using mathematical models was suggested, according to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
C. Evaluation the efficacy of some control elements in management of
codling moth
1. Efficacy of Trichgramma cacoeciae releases to control C. pomonella
The inundative release of T. cacoeciae at 1000 adults/ tree was more effective in controlling codling moth giving 70.88% reduction in fruit damage, with T. cacoeciae 3000 adults/ 3rd tree it was 46.75%.
Generally, the efficacy of T. cacoeciae release was 35.42- 81.44% depending clearly of the number of release points, variety, and tress distances.
2. Efficacy of the two tested insecticides against C. pomonella
The application of (Esfenvalerate insecticide followed by Chlorpyrifos was more effective than applied them individually. When each of Esfenvalerate and Chlorpyrifos applied two times gave (37.76- 47.95% and 26.98- 33.18% reduction in fruit damage, respectively). whereas, the application of Esfenvalerate in the first spray then Chlorpyrifos in the second spray gave 46.62- 54.24% reduction in fruit damage, depending of condition orchards.
3. Efficacy of Traps against C. pomonella
Using sex pheromone and cardboard traps as a control method for the codling moth did not give good results, their efficacy were 8.03- 15.57% and 3.42- 7.11% reduction in infestation level by codling moth, respectively.
D. Integration of tested control elements in management program for
C. pomonella in apple orchards
The results showed that the effectiveness of integration treatment between T. cacoeciae 1000 adults/ tree, (Esfenvalerate + Chlorpyrifos), and cardboard traps gave the highest efficacy which arranged 63.87- 82.28%.