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Abstract
Respiration has two meanings in biology, at the level of the whole living organism ; it is the process of taking oxygen from the enviroment and returning carbon dioxide to it.
At the cellular level, it refers to the oxygen required for the chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria The primary function of the respiratory tract is to obtain oxygen for use by body cells and eliminate carbon dioxide that cells produce Respiration consists of ventilation, perfusion and gas exchange In Neonates and infants the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system differs from young adults as the subglottic area is narrow and cone shaped, the narrowest area at the cricoid ring.
A small amount of subglottic edema can lead to clinically significant narrowing increased airway resistance, and increased work of breathing Infants also have fewer alveoli than adults.
Therefore, infants and young children have a relatively small area for gas exchange. Collateral ventilation is not fully developed ; therefore, atelectasis is more common in children than in adults.Respiratory failure is a condition in which the respiratory system fails in one or both of its gas exchanging functions .
Acute respiratory failure is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in infants and its incidence is higher than in adults.
Respiratory failure can be classified based on two patterns of blood-gas abnormalities to Type I respiratory failure (oxygenation failure) due to V/Q mismatch, intrapulmonary shunt and hypoventilation and type II respiratory failure (ventilation failure)results from inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to physiologic needs.