الفهرس | يوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام |
المستخلص Several articles [1-4] were published to review both the history and the fundamentals of integrated optics. Optical communication systems are based on three principle directions; the first direction is the optical fiber analysis and fabrication where it acts as a propagation medium for guiding optical waves because the atmospheric variations cause undesirable changes in the optical characteristics of the path from instant to instant. The second direction is the laser source and its modem technology. The third direction is the integrated optical waveguides and its application for constructing the optical devices such as; modulators, switches, filters, directional couplers, ... etc. toward the design of integrated optics. The area of integrated optics has been concerned with studying the phenomenon of light guided along and controlled by thin dielectric films or strips. The wavelengths of interest are mostly between 0.1~ and 10 urn. For wavelengths much greater than 1 0 urn, Le. in the millimeter region and beyond, metallic wave-guiding techniques of the microwave variety have provided a more efficient technology. For wavelengths around 0.1 urn or smaller, the absence of suitable sources and the presence of large absorption and scattering losses impose limitations on the practical use of the wave guiding effects. But the modem laser diodes have been used as optical sources that have been fabricated using GaInAsPIInP at wavelength 1.55 Jll11. So, the useful range of operating wavelengths can be considered between 0.5 urn to 1.7~. Voltage induced optical waveguide (one type from the four optical waveguides fabrications) is formed” by placing planar electrodes on electrooptic waveguides, as shown in Fig. 1.1. |