الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of The WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Aim of the work
1- To show histological and histochemical changes on pharyngeal mucosa as complication of smoking.
2- To show the role of smoking in pharyngeal cancer.
Conclusion
1- It was evident that cigarette smoking lead to variable histopathological changes that may proceed to cancer. So, it is advisable to stop smoking to avoid these undesirable effects.
2- The chronic form of pharyngitis that described in smokers is attributed to these histopathological changes, so medical treatment alone is not sufficient to solve the problem and smoking is obligatory.
3- Histopathological changes that present in the smokers lead to chronic pharyngitis. So, if these patients subjected to operation of tonsillectomy, the incidence of operative and post operative hemorrhage will be high. So, it is obligatory to stop smoking few weeks before the operation and the postponed smoking many days after operation.
4- The changes that occur in pharyngeal mucosa of smokers can occur also in laryngeal mucosa leading to chronic laryngitis.
5- Premalignant lesions can be detected using DNA and RNA concentration positively and glycogen content, pre cancerous lesions contain high DNA and RNA in the nucleus and high glycogen in their cytoplasm than normal cells. So, we can use three tests in the study and early detection of malignant lesions.