الفهرس 
I-INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The plant Kingdom is a rich source of biologically active compounds . This encouraged scientists to seek about botanical substances of special importance in different aspects e. g. medicine, agriculture and industry.
In the present study , extra efforts devoted to search for some new botanical extracts containing naturally occurring compounds that have insecticidal activities against the housefly M. domestica L.
The objective of our present work is to investigate the effect of these extracts and then record the most effective extract which act as natural insecticides which considered safe to man ,domestic animals , plant and environment when used as adjurant to chemical insecticides in controlling the pest. The aim of the present work was carried out to study the effect of S. alba ,B. nigra and A. precatorious extracted with three different solvents ( petroleum ether , acetone and water ) against M. domestica to evaluate their efficacy on larval mortality , pupation % , pupal duration ,adult emergence % as well as , fecundity , fertility and adult longevity of insects resulted from treated larvae , also , to study the toxicological effect of the botanical extracts on the M. domestica adults . Moreover ,to study their effect on some biochemical parameters of M. domestica and the histopathological effects of botanical extracts were carried out on the larval mid-gut and integument as well as gonads of treated adults.
Our study was divided into the following parts:
A-Biological effects of the botanical extracts on the Musca domestica treated as 2nd larval instar .
1- Larval mortality:
Our results indicated that all of the used plant extracts were clearly affected the larval mortality , the LC50’s values ranged between 0.319 to 0.475 for S. alba extracts , 0.265 to 1.012 for B. nigra and 1.96 to 3.704 for A. precatorious and the relative toxicity ( R. T. ) of LC50 based on B. nigra acetone extracts ( LC50 = 0.265 )
2 - Larval duration :
Larval duration was significantly affected by the treatments as compared with the control group when application carried out by the petroleum ether, acetone and water extracts , this aspect was 130 , 136 and 105 hours in treated larvae with S. alba extracts , respectively, and the corresponding figures for the B. nigra extracts were 121 , 134.7 and 108 hours, respectively . The larval duration for larvae treated with A. precatorious extracts were 111.67 , 127 and 110 hours , respectively.
3- Pupation % :
Pupation percentage were greatly reduced as a result from treated larvae with acetone S.alba extract (70%) and petroleum ether B.nigra extracts (85.5%) , as compared with the control .On the other hand , there was insignificant effect when used the other plant extracts .
4- Pupal duration :
Pupal duration was prolonged by using petroleum ether and acetone plant extracts , however, there is no significant effect when treatment carried out with water plant extracts .
5- Adult emergence % :
Results revealed the significant reduction in the adult emergence resulted from treated larvae as compared with control group , and this reduction ranged between 59.79 to 76.29 % .
6- Fecundity :
Results showed significant decline in the fecundity of M. domestica females resulted from treated 2nd instar larvae with S.lba,. B. nigra and A. precatorious extracts , it ranged between 102 to 203 eggs / female as compared with control group 245.67 eggs / female .
7- Fertility :
Results clearly indicated that there is no significant effect when treatments carried out with different botanical extracts as compared with the control group .
8- Adult longevity :
Data showed that the adult longevity of housefly adults resulted from treated larvae was decreased than control group , when used petroleum ether and acetone plant extracts , it ranged between 20.49 to 25 days, while it was 28.59 days in the control group, however, there is no significant effect on the life span of adult resulted from treated larvae with water extracts .
B-Effects of different botanical extracts on M. domestica adults :
-Adult mortality :
The obtained results clearly indicated that all the tested plant extracts have toxic effects against the newly emerged M. domestica adults , the LC50 values for males treated by the three different plant extracts ranged between 2.65 to 7.85% , while, the LC50 values for treated females with the same plant extracts ranged between 2.35 to 7.54 % and the relative toxicity ( R.T. ) of LC50 values based on water extract of A. precatorious. LC50 values were 2.65 for males and 2.35 for females.
-Fecundity :
Our results showed significant effect in the fecundity of M.domestica in the different mating crosses : Treated males x Treated females , Untreated males x Treated females and Treated males x Untreated females . In the case of treated both sexes , the number of eggs laid / female with S. alba , B. nigra and A. precatorious extracts ranged between 134 –173 eggs as compared with 259 eggs laid / female in the control group and ranged between 149 – 192 eggs laid / female in the case the mating cross between untreated males and treated females with S. alba , B. nigra and A. precatorious extracts . In the case of mating cross between treated males and untreated females with different botanical extracts the number of eggs laid / female ranged between 183 - 212 eggs .
-Fertility :
Results clearly indicated that there is a quite significant or no significant effects on the percentage of egg hatching when treatment carried out with the different botanical extracts in all of the different mating crosses .
C-The effect of the botanical extracts on some biochemical parameters of M. domestica treated as larvae and adults .
a) Effect on larval stage :
1 - The glycogen content was significantly decreased in the treated M. domestica larvae by using S. alba , B. nigra extracts and A. precatorious petroleum ether extracts , on the other hand , when the larvae treated with A. precatorious acetone and water extract the glycogen level increased significantly as compared with the check experiment .
2 - Results showed that , no significant effect on the total protein content when larvae treated by petroleum ether and acetone S. alba and B. nigra extracts , however , when larvae treated with acetone A. precatorious and water plant extracts , the protein content increased significantly . Also , the results indicated that water A. precatorious extract was the most effective on M. domestica protein larval content .
3 - Data indicated that , there was significant effect in total lipid content of larvae treated by the different plant extracts .The total lipid content decreased significantly when treatment carried out with these extracts except acetone B. nigra which showed insignificant effect and the total lipid content increased significantly as compared with the control group when larvae treated with acetone S. alba extract .
b) Effect on adult stage :
1- Data indicated that the glycogen content increased significantly when M. domestica adults ( males and females ) treated by the applied plant extracts . Water extract of S. alba was the most effective on the glycogen content of both sexes ( males and females ) as compared with other extracts.
2 - There was no significant effect in total protein of males treated by these extracts except in the case of males treated with acetone and water A. precatorious extracts , where , the protein content decreased significantly as compared with control . On the other hand , the protein content in the treated females significantly decreased when treatment carried out by the different plant extracts used except in the case of treated females by petroleum ether extract of B. nigra , acetone extract of S. alba however , this value was statistically insignificant as compared with control ( check experiment ).
3 - Our Results indicated that the total lipid content was increased in males treated with botanical extracts except acetone extract of A. precatorious where the total lipid content was the same as compared with check experiment . The same figures was determined when females treated with the different botanical extracts .
D - Histopathological effects of differant botanical extracts on Musca domestica :
1 – Effect on the larval mid-gut :
The histopathological examination indicated that the tested extracts induced several histopathological symptoms in the treated larvae such as destruction in some muscle layers , disorganization in the epithelial cells , vacuolization and detachment of the basement membrane of the mid-gut .
2 – Effect on the larval integument :
It was observed that all of the plant extracts used in this study were effective on the integument of the housefly larvae , these extracts had several histopathological symptoms such as destruction of the cuticle , degeneration of the epidermal cells and separation from each other and vacuolization was also observed .
3 - Effect on the ovary :
The histopathological examination showed that all botanical extracts affected the structure of the housefly female ovaries treated as one-old-day adults . This effect included severe histopathological effects as reducing in the size of oocytes , degeneration of the follicular epithelium layer , vacuoles and destruction in the nurse cells .
4 - Effect on the testis :-
The tested botanical extracts induced several histopathological changes in the testis of housefly adults treated as one-day-old . Our observations clearly indicated that the botanical extracts induced the following : degeneration in the epithelial sheath of testicular follicles, vacuolization and destruction in the different stages of spermatogenesis.