الفهرس 
Chapter 1: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The tendency with in the last few years was to produce anon conventional lead-acid batteries, in which a relatively higher antimony contents were used. How ever,using the low-antimony or lead-calcium alloys to produce a maintenance -free batteries had faced many problems especially when the used battery grids were produced by conventional mould casting or continuously casting methods. Several additional agents were used to compensate the decreased antimony content and to improve the castability, mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of the lead-antimony alloys, and to improve the as cast hardness of the lead-calcium alloys.
In this work, astudy of the newly used battery grid manufacturing method called expanded battery grids, using the low-antimony and the lead-calcium (-tin) alloys was carried out. The factors affecting the produced grids were investigated. The study was concentrated on the variation of the mechanical and physical properties starting from the alloy selection to the final stage of expanding the grid.